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User:ZLEA/sandbox/DJI Phantom

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Phantom
精灵
a Phantom 4 Pro in the air
Phantom 4 Pro in flight
General information
TypeUnmanned aerial vehicle
National originChina
ManufacturerDJI
History
Manufactured2013–c. 2020
Introduction dateJanuary 2013

The DJI Phantom (Chinese: 精灵; pinyin: Jīng Líng) is a series of quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) developed by Chinese technology company DJI. DJI Phantom devices were released between 2013 and 2019

Design and development

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Phantom 1 with a GoPro HERO3 camera

The Phantom 1, originally known as Phantom, was released on January 7, 2013.[1] It uses 2.4 GHz for control and is powered by a 2000mAh battery, giving it a flight time of about 15 minutes.[2][3][4] It did not include a built-in camera, but it can be fitted with an optional mount for a GoPro HERO camera.[4] The drone uses a GPS-enabled NAZA-M autopilot system allowing it to hover with automatic wind resistance.[2][5]

 
The Phantom FC40

After the success of the Phantom 2 Vision, DJI released the a camera-equipped version of the Phantom 1 as the Phantom FC40.[6] The drone features a 720p/30fps FC40 camera on a fixed mount.[7] The aircraft used 5.8 GHz for control allowing the 2.4 GHz band to be allocated for FPV downlink. It uses an iOS/Android app for control and comes with Wi-Fi and GPS modules. Using a 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi connection, it provides almost real-time aerial video on a mobile device, allowing the pilot to capture images and videos as is. However, the FPV range was limited by the signal quality of the mobile device as the connection between the two devices was made directly. The camera angle is manually set before the flight. The mount under the gimbal can also be used to attach a GoPro camera to the aircraft as well.[citation needed]

[8]

Phantom 2 series

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The Phantom 2
 
The Phantom 2 Vision

Released in October 2013,[9][10] it was the first of the Phantom 2 series to be released, and featured significant upgrades over the original Phantom. It included a one-dimensional gimbal and an HD camera with a 4 GB micro SD card, a built-in anti-vibration mount, advanced Wi-Fi module, a GPS-enabled position holding, return-to-home capability, an improved Naza flight control system, and self-tightening propellers. Upgrades over the original Phantom include auto-return, increased flight speed, increased flight time and controllable range, increased battery capacity, and smart phone or tablet connection capability. It later became compatible with a ground station and iOS or Android devices. It was the first DJI aircraft to be released with the "Intelligent Li-Po battery" which enabled flight times of almost 20 minutes. It also featured a "Range Extender" device on the controller which worked as a relay/amplifier for the wifi FPV signal between the aircraft and the controller, thereby increasing signal strength and range.[citation needed]

The (straight) Phantom 2 was released in December 2013 after the Phantom 2 Vision. It uses 2.4 GHz for control and doesn't include a camera. A Zenmuse gimbal could be purchased with the Phantom 2, or it could be added later. The Zenmuse gimbal was made to hold cameras such as the GoPro. Its configuration allows users two axes for a better level shot. Its controller also allowed manual remote up/down tilt of the camera.[11]

 
The Phantom 2 Vision+

The original Phantom 2 Vision+, released in April 2014, added a three-axis camera gimbal. It had a slightly increased range. It included the same FC200 camera as the earlier released Phantom 2 Vision, but in a completely different enclosure. The wifi module was moved from the camera case to the aircraft's centerboard which unfortunately weakened the aircraft's ability to receive GPS relative to the P2V due to EMF emanating from the module. The wifi patch antennas were moved from the camera case to the sides of the aircraft on either side of the battery.[12] It received a no-fly zone software-implanted, warning the user of places where not to fly (ex. airports).[13]

In the Fall of 2014, a more advanced Phantom 2 Vision+ V3.0 was released which included significant improvements over the original Phantom 2 Vision+, such as more powerful 2312/960kv motors vs 2212/920kv, better designed motor internals - such as the double-layer single-wire stator for improved efficiency, impact resistant motor bearings, dial on controller to adjust gimbal pitch, rechargeable lipo battery upgrade on controller, a trainer port on controller, enclosed water-resistant compass with thicker insulated cable, extra shielding for the GPS module, new 9450 prop upgrade (from 9443), prop threads changed from metal to composite (less risk of spin-off), harder less-flexible props. Later releases of the 3.0 included an aerated wifi module case to aid in cooling for reduced failure rate and upgraded ESC v2.1 (featuring 4.06 firmware vice the older 4.02 firmware).[citation needed]

Phantom 3 series

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The Phantom 3, released in April 2015,[14] introduces the Lightbridge communications protocol, which gives the controller a maximum range of 4,800 meters (4.8km or 3 miles) and reduced latency when compared to Wi-Fi systems used previously. The newly-designed visual positioning system known as Vision Positioning System allows the Phantom 3 to better maintain its position at lower altitudes and indoors where GPS is weak or unavailable by using ultrasonic and monochrome optical cameras under the fuselage. The remote controller for Professional and Advanced models also has 2 antennas, a staple feature of the Lightbridge system. The left antenna transmits control signals, while the right receives telemetry data and FPV feed.[citation needed]

The Phantom 3 Standard was released in August 2015. It features 2.7K video recording. Unlike the other models, Phantom 3 Standard does not come with the new Lightbridge protocol, instead, it uses Wi-Fi to transmit video and receive telemetry data with a limited range compared to the Advanced and Professional models and comes without Vision Positioning System. It includes features, as the other models do, such as Point of Interest, Follow Me, GPS Waypoints, Course Lock, and Home Lock.[15]

The Phantom 3 Professional, known colloquially as P3P, comes with a 4K camera and includes a 100W fast charger. The included remote controller comes with [optional HDMI out] and USB ports for tablets and smartphones to connect to the controller. A bigger clamp also allows this remote to hold mobile devices up to the size of a 9.7-inch iPad.[citation needed]

The Phantom 3 Advanced is specifically the same as the Phantom 3 Professional, except that its camera only records 2.7K. It comes with a 57W charger instead of 100W. The remote controller is unchanged.[citation needed]

The Phantom 3 4K was released in early 2016. Although both the controller and the aircraft appear to look similar to the Phantom 3 Advanced/Professional externally, the communications system is very much like the Phantom 3 Standard in that it uses 5.8GHz for control and uses 2.4GHz for FPV and telemetry. The range is slightly improved. The controller lacks HDMI/USB ports. The aircraft includes the Visual Positioning System module seen on the Professional/Advanced models.[citation needed]

The Phantom 3 SE was originally released and available for purchase only in China for several months and was unavailable temporarily elsewhere in the world. It became available in North America in August 2017. Phantom 3 SE uses a unique communications system that is a hybrid of Lightbridge and Wi-Fi. The controller converts the telemetry and FPV data from the aircraft, which uses the Lightbridge protocol, to Wi-Fi signals in 2.4GHz, to allow communications with the mobile device without an attached cable. Inside the remote controller, built-in antennas communicate with the Phantom - one is strictly for transmission and the other is strictly for receiving - which is how the Lightbridge system works. The visible antenna on the outside of the controller is used only to communicate with the mobile device. It has a maximum transmission range of up to 2.5 mi (4km) in FCC mode, and it has a 4K video camera.[16][17]

Phantom 4 series

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DJI Phantom 4K drone in action

The Phantom 4, released in March 2016,[18] introduces a safer and better quick release propeller system. It also improves usability by adding obstacle avoidance and an ability to track subjects (ActiveTrack), thanks to its five sensors. Some of its features include GPS, GLONASS, sonar, five separate safety sensors, a camera gimbal, gyroscope, and more. It is slightly bigger and heavier than the Phantom 3 due to a larger battery, but it still maintains a longer flight time and greater top speed. It has a top speed of 20 metres per second (45 mph) in 'sport mode'.[citation needed] The controller and camera are very similar to Phantom 3 Pro.[citation needed]

The maximum video transmission technology on the Phantom 4 is same as the ones on Phantom 3 Pro and Adv, which is Lightbridge 2, it has a maximum FCC flying range of 5 km.[citation needed]

On April 13, 2017, DJI announced the launch of the Phantom 4 Advanced and the end of the Phantom 4's lifespan for April 30, 2017.[citation needed]

DJI Phantom 4 Pro, released in November 2016, has a three-axis stabilized camera with a 1-inch (25 mm) 20 MP CMOS sensor FC6310. It upgrades its obstacle avoidance with five directional sensors. The Phantom 4 Pro offers two remote controllers, one with a dedicated screen (Phantom 4 Pro+) and one without. It integrates an upgraded Lightbridge HD video transmission system that adds 5.8 GHz transmission support and a maximum downlink video transmission range of 7 km.[19] In addition - DJI released a set of Goggles, which can be used with various DJI equipment, including the Phantom 4 Pro, to allow for First Person View (FPV) flying.[20]

Announced on April 13, 2017, the Phantom 4 Advanced uses the same camera sensor as the Phantom 4 Pro.[21] Designed to replace the original Phantom 4, the Phantom 4 Advanced uses the 2.4 GHz frequency band, the rear vision sensors and two infrared sensors in the FlightAutonomy system in comparison to the Phantom 4 Pro model. It was shipped on April 30, 2017.[22]

It June 2017 it was priced in line with the original Phantom 4.[23]

Announced at the 2017 IFA trade show, the Phantom 4 Pro Obsidian gives the option to have the Phantom 4 Pro painted in obsidian black. Some build quality upgrades are included with the camera gimbal being made of magnesium.[24][25]

The DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2.0, announced in May 2018, improves on the existing Phantom 4 Pro with an OcuSync transmission system, improved ESCs and low-noise propellers.[26] It was relaunched in January 2020.[27]

It uses the same camera as the first iteration of the Phantom 4 Pro.[28]

This edition also features expanded Flight Autonomy with 5-direction obstacle sensing and 4-direction obstacle avoidance. The 6-camera navigation system means the aircraft can avoid obstacles in its flight path, whilst flying at speeds of up to 31 mph (50 km/h). It's also the very first DJI drone to feature an infrared sensing system.[citation needed]

The DJI Phantom 4 RTK, released in October 2018, was designed for extremely accurate aerial mapping using real-time kinematic positioning. In addition to RTK, it uses a redundant GNSS module, installed to maintain flight stability in signal-poor regions such as dense cities.[29]

According to DJI P4RTK (2019) camera FC6310R is identical to Phantom 4 pro's but has a glass lens instead a plastic one. Phantom 4 RTK records images only in jpg format.[30]

The DJI P4 Multispectral, released in September 2019, integrates a 6 RGB camera sensor and multispectral imaging system for precise data for smart agriculture. It allows users to gain access to environmental impacts and changes for agricultural aspects. Also, with the RTK module attached, the P4 Multispectral is able to use centimeter level accurate positioning system.[31]

[32][33][34]

Phantom 5 rumors

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[35][36][37]

Operational history

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Example aerial video of Snowdonia filmed with a DJI Phantom 2 Vision+ quadcopter

Several segments of industry are open to commercial use including drone journalism,[38] hurricane hunting, 3-D landscape mapping, nature protection,[39] farming, search and rescue,[40] aircraft inspection, tornado chasing, and lava lake exploration.[41][42][43][44][45][46] Drones are also in entertainment[47] and business. The Fox Broadcasting Company used Phantom 2 Vision+'s to promote 24 during San Diego Comic-Con in 2014.[48]

The DJI Phantom has been allegedly weaponized by ISIS in Syria and Iraq and used to scout for battle planning, spot for artillery, navigate car bombs, and conduct aerial bombing by dropping rigged grenade/mortar shell on enemy troops.[49][50] The small size and agile flight performance make these improvised drones very difficult to spot and destroy.[citation needed]

[51]

Reception

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The DJI Phantom drone series have been popular with hobbyists and enterprise users due to functionality and price point.[52][53] Phantom drones have been marketed at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) for several years.[54][55]

Despite US sanctions on DJI, the FBI has continued to order Phantom 4 Pros (P4P), citing in a procurement justification that 'the DJI P4P is the only commercially available consumer sUAV to combine ease of use, high camera resolution and obstacle avoidance at an acceptable cost.'[56][57]

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In 2017, the U.S. FAA estimated 'hobbyist' drones reaching between 2.75 million and 4.5 million units by 2021.[58][59] As of 2018, DJI controlled an estimated 74% of the global consumer drone market, with no other company controlling more than 5%.[60][61]

Variants

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Phantom 1

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Phantom
Later Phantom 1.
Phantom FC40

Phantom 2

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Phantom 2 Vision
Phantom 2
Phantom 2 Vision+
Phantom 2 Vision+ V3.0
[62][63]

Phantom 3

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Phantom 3
Phantom 3 Standard
Phantom 3 Professional
Phantom 3 Advanced
Phantom 3 4K
Phantom 3 SE

Phantom 4

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Phantom 4
Phantom 4 Pro
Phantom 4 Pro+
Phantom 4 Pro Obsidian
Phantom 4 Pro+ Obsidian
Phantom 4 Pro V2.0
Phantom 4 Pro+ V2.0
Phantom 4 Advanced
Phantom 4 RTK
P4 Multispectral

Operators

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Government operators

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  United States

Military operators

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  Argentina
  Australia
  Brazil
  Chile
  Germany
  Israel
  Lithuania
  New Zealand
  Russia
  Sri Lanka
  Uruguay
  • National Army introduced the Phantom in 2017, with 22 in service as of 2019 for emergency response operations.[67]

Non-state operators

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  Ukraine
  • The Phantom was in Ukrainian paramilitary service as of 2019.[67]
  ISIS

Accidents and incidents

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[69][70]

Specifications (Phantom 4 Pro V2.0)

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Data from DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2.0 user manual[71]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 0
  • Width: 0.350 m (1 ft 2 in) diagonal
  • Empty weight: 1.375 kg (3 lb)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 72 km/h (45 mph, 39 kn)
  • Endurance: ≈30 minutes
  • Service ceiling: 6,000 m (19,685 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 6.0 m/s (1,182 ft/min)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "DJI launches GPS-enabled PHANTOM consumer quadcopter". New Atlas. 8 January 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  2. ^ a b Phantom Quick Start Manual V1.7 (PDF). DJI. 25 September 2013. p. 7.
  3. ^ Battery & Charger Instruction V1.0 (PDF). DJI. 2013.
  4. ^ a b Dillow, Clay (4 March 2013). "DJI Phantom RC Quadrotor UAS Review: A Powerful Personal Drone That Knows Its Place". Popular Science. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  5. ^ Lardinois, Frederic (1 April 2013). "The GPS-Enabled DJI Phantom Quadcopter Makes The AR.Drone Look Like A Toy". TechCrunch. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  6. ^ "DJI releases mid-priced Phantom 2 and Phantom FC40 quadcopters". New Atlas. 10 January 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  7. ^ "Phantom FC40 - Specs | DJI". CreateDJI. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  8. ^ Ahrens, Sean A. (1 September 2021). "The status of drone technology in security". Security Info Watch. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  9. ^ "Review: DJI Phantom 2 Vision what's new? Features and flight demo". YouTube. 31 October 2013.
  10. ^ Alex Fitzpatrick (30 January 2014). "Finally, a Drone You Can Own". Time. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  11. ^ Ben Coxworth (11 April 2013). "DJI announces stabilized HERO mount, and camera-equipped Phantom quadcopter". gizmag. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  12. ^ Eric Hansen (5 November 2014). "This Is the Best Drone You Can Buy Right Now". Time. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  13. ^ "DJI has released its new ready to fly quadcopter drone, the Phantom 2 Vision+".
  14. ^ "DJI Unveils the Phantom 3". dji.com. DJI. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  15. ^ "DJI Phantom Series – Drones & Accessories – DJI Store".
  16. ^ "DJI Phantom 3 SE Now Available in Select Markets Worldwide".
  17. ^ "Phantom 3 SE - Product Information - DJI".
  18. ^ "DJI Phantom 4 release date, price, specs". PC Advisor. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  19. ^ "Exploring Camera Drones". News Ledge. 7 March 2017.
  20. ^ "DJI Goggles". Heliguy. 12 September 2017.
  21. ^ "DJI Phantom 4 Advanced – Specs, FAQ, Tutorials and Downloads". DJI Official. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  22. ^ "What's Changed in the DJI Phantom 4 Advanced?". News Ledge. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  23. ^ "DJI Spark Ships and Phantom 4 Advanced Price Cut Makes it a Deal". News Ledge. 30 June 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  24. ^ "DJI Adopts Tick-Tock Cycle in Upgrading Mavic and Phantom 4 Pro". News Ledge. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  25. ^ "Phantom 4 Pro - Professional aerial filmmaking made easy". DJI Official. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  26. ^ "DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2.0". Heliguy. 8 May 2018.
  27. ^ Hollister, Sean (14 January 2020). "DJI brings back the Phantom drone, a year after it vanished from stores. Specifically, the Phantom 4 Pro V2.0". The Verge.
  28. ^ "DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2.0 vs Phantom 4 Pro". Heliguy. 11 May 2018.
  29. ^ "Phantom 4 RTK - Next Gen Mapping Solution - DJI". DJI Official. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  30. ^ Peppa, Maria Valasia & Hall, J. & Goodyear, J. & Mills, J.. (2019). PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ASSESSMENT AND COMPARISON OF DJI PHANTOM 4 PRO AND PHANTOM 4 RTK SMALL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. XLII-2/W13. 503-509. 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W13-503-2019. [1]
  31. ^ "P4 Multispectral - DJI".
  32. ^ Ferron, Tyesha (4 April 2019). "The Retirement of DJI's Phantom 4 Pro". Women Who Drone. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  33. ^ "Just When You Thought It Was Gone For Good, The DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2.0 is Back!". SLR Lounge. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  34. ^ Hollister, Sean (27 April 2019). "DJI denies that it's discontinuing its iconic Phantom drones". The Verge. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  35. ^ Kesteloo, Haye (6 September 2018). "Leaked photos are not a Phantom 5 prototype, DJI reaffirms". DroneDJ. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  36. ^ "Is DJI discontinuing the Phantom 4 drones?". www.hardwarezone.com.sg. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  37. ^ Kesteloo, Haye (26 April 2019). "DJI rumors: DJI Phantom 5 is canceled – Part 2". DroneDJ. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  38. ^ Miles Klee (12 March 2014). "Watch a Phantom drone in action at the Harlem explosion site". The Daily Dot. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  39. ^ Matt McFarlan (6 January 2015). "Why Americans should give drones a chance". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  40. ^ "Search And Rescue Drone Solutions". DSLRPros. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  41. ^ Ryan Szymanski (12 December 2016). "Six of the Most Unique Uses for Drones". TheHighTechHobbyist. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  42. ^ "30+ Ways Drones are Being Used". My Dear Drone. 18 May 2017.
  43. ^ Christina Zdanowicz (22 May 2014). "How to shoot amazing video from drones". CNN. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  44. ^ "5 Surprising Drone Uses (Besides Pizza Delivery)". National Geographic. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  45. ^ James Vincent (25 July 2014). "US pensioner missing for three days located by amateur drone pilot in 20 minutes". The Independent. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  46. ^ "Drones are Saving Lives as Next Advancement in Public Safety Technology". News Ledge. 26 April 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  47. ^ Alex Renton (23 November 2014). "Christmas gift: attack of the drones". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  48. ^ Chris Taylor (23 July 2014). "Fox Invades Comic-Con With Drones". Mashable. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  49. ^ a b Watson, Ben (12 January 2017). "The Drones of ISIS". Defense One. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  50. ^ a b Shiloach, Gilad (26 January 2015). "This Is ISIS' Favorite Drone". Vocativ. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  51. ^ Barrett, Brian. "When Good Drones Go Bad". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  52. ^ "China takes the lead in fast-growing drone market". The Japan Times. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  53. ^ David Pogue (12 June 2015). "The Phantom 2 Vision+ Drone: Your Eye in the Sky". Yahoo. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  54. ^ Jim Fisher (9 January 2015). "CES 2015: Drones, Drones, Drones". PC Magazine. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  55. ^ "New drone among most popular unveiled at CES 2015 - New drone among most popular unveiled at CES 2015". USA Today. 6 June 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  56. ^ "Why US Secret Service and FBI are still buying DJI drones". DroneDJ. 23 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  57. ^ "FBI DJI solicitation". www.documentcloud.org. 8 April 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  58. ^ "Consumer Drones By the Numbers in 2017 and Beyond". News Ledge. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  59. ^ "Fact Sheet – FAA Forecast–Fiscals Years 2016-37". www.faa.gov. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  60. ^ "World's top drone seller made $2.7 billion". 3 January 2018.
  61. ^ French, Sally (18 September 2018). "DJI MARKET SHARE: HERE'S EXACTLY HOW RAPIDLY IT HAS GROWN IN JUST A FEW YEARS". thedronegirl.com.
  62. ^ "Waarin verschilt de DJI Phantom 2 Vision+ V3.0 van zijn voorgangers? | Dronewatch". www.dronewatch.nl (in Dutch). 7 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  63. ^ "DJI Phantom 2: Why it makes sense to spend a lot of money on a quadcopter". Tech Advisor. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  64. ^ a b Markay, Lachlan (21 September 2021). "Scoop: U.S. government buying risky Chinese drones". Axios. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  65. ^ a b Singh, Ishveena (23 September 2021). "Why US Secret Service and FBI are still buying DJI drones". DroneDJ. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  66. ^ "Request for Quotation Number: DJF210700PR0001315". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 8 April 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gettinger, Dan (October 2019). "The Drone Databook" (PDF). Bard College. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  68. ^ Dominguez, Gabriel (20 August 2018). "Australian Army acquires DJI Phantom 4 UAVs". Jane's 360. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  69. ^ "DJI, other Chinese drone makers' US prospects still up in the air". South China Morning Post. 6 February 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  70. ^ Greenwood, Faine (18 March 2015). "Man Who Crashed Drone on White House Lawn Won't Be Charged". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  71. ^ Phantom 4 Pro/Pro+ User Manual V2.0 (PDF). DJI. November 2021. pp. 61–63.
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Category:Unmanned aerial vehicles of China Category:Quadrotors Category:Unmanned helicopters Category:Radio-controlled helicopters Category:2010s fads and trends Category:Articles containing video clips Category:DJI

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