〝Lyrurus〞is a particular kind of bird. There are only two spices of bird, the first one named 〝Lyrurus tetrix〞 and second one is〝Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi〞. They are all medium-sized chickens, and it is shows that are skilled at walking or running fast but cannot fly.It is not good at flying, but he has sharp claws and is good at walking and catching prey.The difference between males and females is that the male has black feathers and the female has russet feathers.Their habitat is in the forest that is generally 600-900 meters above sea leve[1]l, mainly on the leaves and seeds of plants for food, but also eat insects.The〝lyrurus tetrix〞distributed in the north of Eurasia, as well as northwest China and so on. The〝Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi〞distributed in Armenia,〝azerbaijan〞, Georgia,〝islamic〞republic of Iran. Both of them are listed on the UCN[2] red list of endangered species in 2016.
Physiological feature
editBirds of the genus heisenia are of medium size, the males almost all black, and the females somewhat smaller, with a metallic luster, especially at the neck.On the wing there is a white patch called a pterygoid, the iris is brown, mouth and toes dark brown,bare skin on legs is orange red.[3]Most experts agree that Lyrurus live an average of seven to ten years[4]. Lyrurus can live as long as ten years in captivity.Lyrurus can live up to twelve years in the wild.[5]
Protection of ”Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi”
edit〝Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi〞is an endangered bird. In an experiment about their environment , researchers did the distribution of their living areas and analysed .Then, the researcher model the species’ nesting habitat by analysing their habits and habitats.Through the research results, that can promote the reproduction and survival of animals in the Caucasus, that's probably the purpose of the experiment, and the research process has also become complicated. First of all, researchers used field surveys and radio-telemetry for establishing their potential(Health degree, quality), then the[6] geographic information system is used to analyse it. Additionally,〝Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi〞can be divided two groups, the testing and training. The testing area is used to develop models like doing experiments, and training area is used to verify that the experiment is correct. Finally, the results showed that〝Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi〞preferred to live in a free environment. Some important variables were mentioned in the experiment[7].The main variables that determine their environment were annual mean temperature, mean temperature of warmest quarter, precipitation seasonality and proximity to deciduous broad-leaf forest. The researcher also controlled for some variables, such as precipitation.That can observe〝Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi 〞living habits in different environments. Another advantage of this method is that it can identify animals that pose a threat to them and isolate them to protect them. The article also gives an example of a protected area, which is called the[8] Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Georgia, it also utilizing this research to create their own protected areas.
The heredity of "Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi"
editThe〝Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi〞 is a special breed from Caucasian and confirmed a sister relationship between mlokosiewiczi and tetrix (Black grouse). Because of the movement of the earth's crust, the geographical location has changed, so the〝Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi〞from Georgia, Caucasus and Iran created three genetic bodies.The factors that determine their inheritance are made up of many factors, including their evolutionary history, the temperature, precipitation, and geographic location.For example, the article mentioned a cold time(Freeland 2005, Sork & wait 2010), the harsh climate caused〝Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi〞 to be distributed in different areas, they had to go to a suitable habitat in order to escape, so they were separated into different places. Identifying the genetic structure of a species within its range also helps to develop conservation strategies. Additionally, Caucasian is vital to global biodiversity, but over time〝Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi〞has become an endangered species as people herded and hunted them.[9]
The case of death
editThe report provided that the number of〝Lyrurus tetrix〞deaths in northern and central Russia between 1981 and 2103 was studied. The average annual mortality of birds aged more than 1.5 to 2 months is estimated at 2.0 to 2.5 birds per square kilometre.The maximum number of deaths occurs in winter and spring and the minimum in summer. Predation is the main cause of their death. Their food is only leaves and insects, but there are many natural enemies. Also,living conditions, weather and hunting are the part of it , only a quarter.[10] But in a separate report, data showed that disease was also one of the biggest causes of death.And immunity became a key factor in their survival.There was no significant difference in the number of male and female deaths, but they had different patterns of seasonal death, with males dying more often in spring and fall than in winter and summer, and females dying most often in winter and least often in spring and summer. Their average number of deaths is minimal during the winter, when most predators hibernate.[11]
Distribution characteristics in the West Siberian plain
editThe resource said that the distribution of 〝Lyrurus tetrix〞 was assessed on the basis of statistical results from July 16, 1959 at solstice in West Siberian plain on August 31, 2005. They are specifically distributed in the central and southern coniferous forests. But its population is declining in the north, and it is not found in the prairie and plain areas.[12]
Models of reproduction and incubation
edit〝Lyrurus tetrix〞has about a year of sexual maturity, breeding when a male with many females in early April to the middle, a few in the end of march ,generally choose the open forest or forest edge of poplar, birch, forest shade, forest open land, scattered trees and shrub forest clearing, cutting, forest gullies.Sometimes also close to the forest field and grassland, along the river forest zone or meadow. When they in estrus , male birds a few or more than a dozen fly to the mating site, began to sing, mating when the special and shrill call in the morning and evening. In May, females will build nests in hidden places such as pine forests. Their nests are usually shaped like a pit. And after 19-25 days, their babies are born. The baby of 〝Lyrurus tetrixare 〞is similar in appearance to the females and can start running and foraging after 1-2 days, and can flap their wings after 10 days.[13]
Translation(Lyrurus)
edit| Language | Translation |
|---|---|
| Belarusian | Касач, цецярук, cieciaruk |
| Catalan | gall de cua forcada, Perdiu blanca, Gall de cua forcada |
| Chinese | 黑琴鸡, 黑野鸡, [hei ye-ji], 斗鸡, [hei qin ji], [dou ji] |
| cantonese | 黑琴雞 |
| Czech | tetřívek obecný, Tetřívek obecný, tetřívek, tetøívek obecný, Tetrívek obecný |
| English | Northern Black Grouse, Eurasian Black Grouse, Blackcock |
| French | Tétras lyre, Petit Coq de bruyère, Petit Tétras, Tétras-lyre |
| Irish | galo lira, liathchearc, Dúchoileach |
| Italian | Fagiano di monte, forcello, faginao di monte, gallo forcello, Fagiano di monte eurasiatico |
| Japanese | クロライチョウ, Kuro-raichou, kuroraichou, kuro raichō |
| Lithuanian | eurazinis tetervinas, Burbulis, Eurazinis tetervinas, Tetirva, Cecerukas, tetervinas |
| German | Birkhuhn |
| Portuguese | tetraz-lira, galolira, galo lira, Tetraz-lira, Galo-lira |
| Russian | Тетерев, Тетерев обыкновенный, Полевой тетерев, Косач, teterev, тетерев-косач |
| Turkish | Orman Tavuğu, Orman horozu, Құр |
| Spanish | Gallo lira común, Gallo lira, Gallo-lira Común, Urogallo Lira |
| Finnish | teeri, Teeri |
| Ukrainian | тетерук євразійський, Тетерев, teteruk, тетерук, Тетерук євразійський |
Related products
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The whiskey of Lyrurus is a kind of special whiskey.[17] The color of this whiskey is very clear. It comes from the feather color of female Lyrurus,which is amber mixed with orange.This Whiskey is dominatedby almonds and tropical fruits in the initial taste, gradually with caramel and vanilla like aroma, and finally with light tobacco flavor.The Lyrurus on the stamp is also loved by collectors. It is not only a representative of animal stamps, but also an endangered species.The image of Lyrurus is also used in coins in some countries, such as North Korea, one side of which is printed with the image of Lyrurus.
- ^ Gavashelishvili, Alexander; Javakhishvili, Zura (2010-10). "Combining radio-telemetry and random observations to model the habitat of Near Threatened Caucasian grouse Tetrao mlokosiewiczi". Oryx. 44 (4): 491–500. doi:10.1017/s0030605310000979. ISSN 0030-6053.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Hof, Anouschka R.; Allen, Andrew M. (2019-02). "An uncertain future for the endemic Galliformes of the Caucasus". Science of The Total Environment. 651: 725–735. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.227. ISSN 0048-9697.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Borchtchevski, V. G.; Kostin, A. B. (2014-11-22). "Seasonality and causes of black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix, Galliformes, Tetraonidae) death in Western Russia according to count of remains". Biology Bulletin. 41 (8): 657–671. doi:10.1134/s1062359014080032. ISSN 1062-3590.
- ^ M, Kervinen; C, Lebigre; Cd, Soulsbury (2016 May). "Simultaneous Age-Dependent and Age-Independent Sexual Selection in the Lekking Black Grouse (Lyrurus Tetrix)". The Journal of animal ecology. PMID 26798985. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Eurasian black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix) longevity, ageing, and life history". genomics.senescence.info. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ^ Tudorache, G. S. (2017-03-17). "Analysing the homogeneity of air temperature, relative air humidity, precipitation and wind data series using 'Climatol' and meteorological metadata". Air and Water Components of the Environment 2017. Casa Cartii de Stiinta. doi:10.24193/awc2017_07.
- ^ Gavashelishvili, Alexander; Javakhishvili, Zura (2010-10). "Combining radio-telemetry and random observations to model the habitat of Near Threatened Caucasian grouse Tetrao mlokosiewiczi". Oryx. 44 (4): 491–500. doi:10.1017/s0030605310000979. ISSN 0030-6053.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Lempert, Robert (2001-04). "Finding transatlantic common ground on climate change?". The International Spectator. 36 (2): 77–89. doi:10.1080/03932720108456918. ISSN 0393-2729.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Soulsbury, Carl D.; Siitari, Heli; Lebigre, Christophe (2018). "Stabilising selection on immune response in male black grouse Lyrurus tetrix". Oecologia. 186 (2): 405–414. doi:10.1007/s00442-017-4014-1. ISSN 0029-8549. PMC 5799332. PMID 29177843.
- ^ Li, Jichao; Yin, Yian; Fortunato, Santo; Wang, Dashun (2020-04). "Scientific elite revisited: patterns of productivity, collaboration, authorship and impact". Journal of The Royal Society Interface. 17 (165): 20200135. doi:10.1098/rsif.2020.0135. ISSN 1742-5689.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Hof, Anouschka R.; Allen, Andrew M. (2019-02). "An uncertain future for the endemic Galliformes of the Caucasus". Science of The Total Environment. 651: 725–735. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.227. ISSN 0048-9697.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Storch, Ilse (2009-01-24). "Conservation Status of Grouse Worldwide: An Update". Wildlife Biology. 13: 5–12. doi:10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[5:CSOGWA]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Gavashelishvili, Alexander; Javakhishvili, Zura (2010-10). "Combining radio-telemetry and random observations to model the habitat of Near Threatened Caucasian grouse Tetrao mlokosiewiczi". Oryx. 44 (4): 491–500. doi:10.1017/s0030605310000979. ISSN 0030-6053.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Mark (2015-02-26). "The Famous Grouse & Black Grouse". Malt. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ^ "Black Grouse stamps - mainly images - gallery format (With images) | Postage stamp art, Stamp, Bird stamp". Pinterest. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ^ "Black Grouse bird photo call and song/ Lyrurus tetrix (Tetrao tetrix)". dibird.com. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
- ^ Löyttyniemi, Kari (1968). "Teeri (Lyrurus tetrix L.) männyn taimien tuholaisena taimitarhassa". Silva Fennica. 2 (4). doi:10.14214/sf.a14563. ISSN 2242-4075.