For my selected article, “Audism,” I propose to add a section header for the beginning content titled, Background and History. Additionally, I propose to reorganize the current arrangement of sections, incorporating the new section, into the following order: 1) Background and History, 2) Ideology, 3) Controversy, and 4) Types of Audism. This change will allow Wikipedia’s audience a more logical order to follow while reading. Furthermore, each section can benefit from further research and additional content, specifically the Ideology and Controversy sections. As the article currently stands, there is limited information about both sides of the controversy. Moreover, there is limited data to support the authors’ claims in ideology, such as phonocentrism resulting in Audism and oralism. Based on similar articles, I would like to include examples of the different types of Audism, as well as any legislation that may exist to combat Audism- though, this largely depends on the research that is available. Lastly, to address the issues outlined by other Wikipedia users in the article's Talk page and carry out previously stated plans, I plan to find varying sources relevant to Audism to establish credibility and verification.
continues with Harlan Lane, and Mask of Benevolence in 1992
jokes, hate crimes, and low expectations in classroom
torturous medical methods from French doctor, Jean-Marc Itard, cochlear implant surgery, oralism approach of Johann Conrad Amman in 1873, and current mainstreaming attribute to development of audism and audist behaviors
examples demonstrate that audism is not only related to an individual level, but a systemic level
Wellman expands definition to "a system of advantage based on hearing ability" (p. 241)
most prevalent in populations that serve Deaf people--medical and education
Metaphysical: language is confused with speech; speech becomes connected to being a human
"Language is human; speech is language; therefore deaf people are inhuman and deafness is a problem." (p. 242)
if one cannot speak, one is human in body and animal in mind
Phonocentrism: supremacy of speech and repression of nonphonetic forms of communication
oralism, total comm., and mainstreaming lead to individual audist attitudes
Individual Audism: "appears when deaf and hearing people have no trust in deaf people's ability to control their own lives and form systems and organizations necessary to take charge of the deaf as a group to seek social and political change" --> this leads to institutional and dysconscious audism; Humphries (1977); analogous to individual racism --> Bauman (2004)
Institutional Audism: "a structural system of exploitative advantage that focuses on and perpetuates the subordination of Deaf Communities of origin, language, and culture;" originally proposed by Lane in 1992, as an extension of Wellman's concept (1978), and further expanded by Bauman in 2004 and Eckert and Rowley in 2013
Metaphysical Audism: deaf people who used their voice had more rights than those do did not have the ability to speak; Bauman (2004) extended Derrida's work (1974) on phonocentrism and developed this concept, and further built on Humphries (1977) and Lane (1992)
Laissez-Faire Audism: the humanity of deaf people is acknowledged, but independence is denied; forcing deaf children to conform to certain societal standards through cochlear implant and other invasive surgeries; proposed by Eckert in 2010
LEAST RECENT: Audism in its purest form-- Tom Humphries coined the term in 1977, refers to/relates to Individual Audism: explain/give examples
Institutional Audism-- proposed by Harlan Lane in 1992, Mask of Benevolence; explain who else expanded it and who else it relates to; give the definition then/now and examples
Metaphysical Audism/ phonocentrism-- (find first name) Bauman in 2004, expanded on (find first name) Derrida's concept of phonocentrism in 1974, and continues to expand on Humphries and Lane; explain and give examples
MOST RECENT: Laissez-Faire Audism- Eckert (2010), give defintion, and example.
