The first microprocessors Intel's 4004 had a 4-bit data bus. In an output operation, for example, a 4-bit CPU could only send a number in the range of 0 - 15 (2^4) in one operation. The CPU could send a larger number by making several successive transfers. The 4-bit microprocessor was quickly followed by an 8-bit microprocessor such as Intel's 8008, which could send a number as high as 255 (2^8) in one operation. The next generation Intel's 80286 developed a 16-bit data bus . A 32-bit microprocessor ,came into picture when large address spaces were needed,was introduced by Intel in 1993. Since number of address lines are 32,we can address 4Gb memory segment ie 4,294,967,296 (2^32) memory loacations,but this is not sufficient for large servers. With a 32-bit address bus and wide, high-speed data buses on the motherboard, 32-bit machines also offers faster input/output speed to peripherals like hard-disk drives and video-cards as compared to earlier microprocessors. Increased speed and higher accuracy of numerical operation can greatly increase system performance. When we use the term 32 bit in case of microprocessors,it indicates the width of register or word-length. In other words 32 bit microprocessor can process data and memory addresses that are represented by 32 bits. 32 bit microprocessors have ability to handle more memory and larger files as compared to earlier microprocessors. Its 32-bit address bus can directly access up to 4,294,967,296 external memory locations. The Intel's 80386 has an expanded number of Shift registers . For faster operation, the CPU has an internal 32-bit data bus and the ability to process an instruction while simultaneously fetching the next instruction. Also 32 bit processors find their wide use in memory and data intensive applications involving computer-aided design (CAD) applications, database management systems, technical and scientific applications, and high-performance servers. A 32-bit PCI bus provides higher overall throughput for high-performance adapters and better system efficiency by providing the same data in fewer PCI clock cycles. The benefits 32 bit implementation are better PCI bus utilization, better overall PCI bus efficiency, and a substantial increase in PCI bus performance.
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