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Rhodopsin Kinase is involved in mammalian rod cells specifically with photo transduction. G coupled-protein receptor kinases are the family that rhodopsin kinase belong to [1] . This kinase is referred to as GRK1 and phosphorylates rhodopsin resulting in partial photo-activation of rhodopsin activating the dim flash response[2] . Dim flash response is activated in dim light and its ideal to de-activate the rod cell photoreceptor or rhodopsin over time [3] . GRK1 AND GRK7 exist and are isoforms of rhodopsin kinase. Studies have proven that in mice rod cells, GRK1 has competition with arrestin-1 for the binding site of rhodopsin [4]. Arrestin-1 when bound to rhodopsin inhibits signaling and turns off photo-transduction completely [5]. As with any enzyme, rhodopsin kinase has a regulator or inhibitor known as recoverin. In the dark state of the rod cells recoverin inhibits rhodopsin kinase. Specifically, a study has proven that GRK1 acts on the cytoplasmic loops of rhodopsin both the second and third loops. The cytoplasmic loops act specifically where transducin binds to rhodopsin so this allows GRK1 and transducin to compete for the binding site on rhodopsin. With recoverin present, it exists between GRK1 and rhodopsin and it was shown that when bound competition between GRK1 and transducin suppressed [6].
Refernces
- ^ Kutuzov, Mikhail A.; Andreeva, Alexandra V.; Bennett, Nelly (December 2012). "Regulation of the methylation status of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1 (rhodopsin kinase)". Cellular Signalling. 24 (12): 2259–2267. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.07.020.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Sakurai, Keisuke; Chen, Jeannie; Khani, Shahrokh C.; Kefalov, Vladimir J. (3 April 2015). "Regulation of Mammalian Cone Phototransduction by Recoverin and Rhodopsin Kinase". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (14): 9239–9250. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.639591.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Sakurai, Keisuke; Young, Joyce E.; Kefalov, Vladimir J.; Khani, Shahrokh C. (29 August 2011). "Variation in Rhodopsin Kinase Expression Alters the Dim Flash Response Shut Off and the Light Adaptation in Rod Photoreceptors". Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science. 52 (9): 6793. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7158.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Sakurai, Keisuke; Chen, Jeannie; Khani, Shahrokh C.; Kefalov, Vladimir J. (3 April 2015). "Regulation of Mammalian Cone Phototransduction by Recoverin and Rhodopsin Kinase". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (14): 9239–9250. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.639591.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Lodish, Harvey (2013). Molecular cell biology (Seventh edition. ed.). New York: Worth Publ. ISBN 978-1429234139.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Komolov, Konstantin E.; Senin, Ivan I.; Kovaleva, Nadezda A.; Christoph, Mathias P.; Churumova, Valeriya A.; Grigoriev, Ilya I.; Akhtar, Muhammad; Philippov, Pavel P.; Koch, Karl-Wilhelm (July 2009). "Mechanism of rhodopsin kinase regulation by recoverin". Journal of Neurochemistry. 110 (1): 72–79. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06118.x.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help)
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