Brs1762

How we can help to prevent emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria? A. Follow the guidelines issued by CDC while using antibiotics (CDC, 2002), some are as under. i) Do not take an antibiotic for a viral infection like a cold, a cough or the flu. ii) Take an antibiotic exactly as the doctor tells you. Do not skip doses. Complete the prescribed course of treatment, even if you are feeling better. iii) Do not save any antibiotics for the next time you get sick. Discard any leftover medication once you have completed your prescribed course of treatment. iv) Do not take antibiotics prescribed for someone else. The antibiotic may not be appropriate for your illness. Taking the wrong medicine may delay correct treatment and allow bacteria to multiply. v) Antibiotic prescriptions in outpatient settings can be reduced dramatically - without adversely affecting patient health - by not prescribing antibiotics for viral illnesses, such as colds, most sore throats, coughs, bronchitis, and the flu. vi) Parents should not demand antibiotics when a healthcare provider has determined they are not needed. vii) Parents should talk with their healthcare provider about antibiotic resistance. viii) Parents should not give their children antibiotics for a viral infection like a cold, a cough, or the flu. Antibiotics should be used only to treat bacterial infections. ix) Washing hands properly: It reduces the chance of getting infected or spreading infection. x) Thoroughly washing or avoiding raw foods such as fruits, vegetables, raw eggs, and undercooked meat. It can also reduce the chance of an infection. xi) Avoiding high risk activities: e.g., unprotected sex; swimming in community pools, use of equipment in a public gymnasium or on a playground; being a patient in a nursing home or hospital; being a prison inmate; visiting a barbershop; the sharing of personal products (cosmetic items, lotion, bedding, toothpaste, headphones, nail clippers, shampoo), these provide bugs to change the ride. B. Avoiding the use of antibiotics, sometimes it can also reduce the chances of infection by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Studies have shown that use of fluoroquinolones is clearly associated with Clostridium difficile infection, a leading cause of death, worldwide. Administration of many antibiotics is known to cause different types of problems in animals also viz., intramuscular injections of tetracycline in horses and human beings may result into local muscle necrosis and pain. Lincosamide, tetracycline and enerofloxacin cause fatal colitis. Oxytetracycline and tetracycline treatment may be associated with colitis ‘X’, Clostridiaum perfringens type A infection and prolongation of period for elimination of Salmonella spp.and Salmonella superinfection. Penicillin V and other beeta lactamases (ampicillin, cloxacillin, amoxycillin, oxacillin, methicillin, ticarcillin and carbenicillin) though safest may cause diarrhea due to clostridial infection (Ducharme et al, 1983, Sweeney and Boy, 1993). Similarly, macroloides (erythromycin, timulin, tylocin, azithromycin, clarithromycin) induces irreversible diarrhoea in adult horses (Hirsh, 1999). Lincosamides (lincomycin and clindamycin) causes fatal diarrhoea in horses, as they are recycled due to excretion from liver and lead to infection with C. spiroformae and C. difficile (Hirsh, 1999). C. Prefer for vaccination for prevention of infection rather than using antibiotics: Although vaccine fails due to antigenic variation in pathogen, they do not suffer the problem of resistance because a vaccine enhances the body's natural defenses, while an antibiotic operates separately from the body's normal defenses. However, most of the bacterial vaccines though theoretically promising, often fails due to antigenic diversity and short duration of immunity are stll promising as they can protect us from taking antibiotic. References: 1. New CDC campaign targets antibiotic resistance." Infectious Disease News, April 2002. http://www.infectiousdiseasenews.com/200204/cdc.asp. 2. Ducharme NG et al. 1983. Phenoxymethyl penicillin in horse: An alternative to parenteral administration of penicillin. Canadian J Comp. Med. 47:436. (cited from no. 10) 3. Hirsh, DC. 1999. Antimicrobial drugs: a strategy for rational use and the ramification of misuse. In. Veterinary microbiology, eds. Hirsh DC, Zee YC. Blackwell Science Inc. 1999. Oxford, England. Pp.28-45. 4. Sweeney CR and Boy MG. 1993. Antimicrobial drug use in horses. In. Prescott FJ, Baggot JD (eds). Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Iowa State University press, Ames, USA. Pp. 410-413.

Proposed deletion of Mechanism of drug resistance

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Proposed deletion of Factor encouraging misuse of antibiotics

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Copyright issues

Dear Brs1762, it is quite evident that you copied Salmonella vaccines from another source, although I am unable to identify this source. Please be aware that such copying violates Wikipedia's copyright policies. If you are able to rewrite the article to avoid the copyright infringement, please do so. Otherwise, it may be deleted. WikiDan61^ChatMe!_ReadMe!! 13:02, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Relevant sources

Your latest edit to this talk page added a bunch information from one of your articles, and came with the edit summary "relevant source of information has been added to the article". However, you have not altered any of your articles, and they still appear to be copies from other sources, which is still a copyright violation. Please clear up this situation. WikiDan61^ChatMe!_ReadMe!! 16:09, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Salmonella vaccines

A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Salmonella vaccines, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process because of the following concern:

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All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{dated prod}} notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. WikiDan61^ChatMe!_ReadMe!! 16:19, 22 January 2009 (UTC)