Hind meri jaan

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November 2011

Welcome to Wikipedia. It might not have been your intention, but your recent edit removed content from Nuristani people. When removing content, please specify a reason in the edit summary and discuss edits that are likely to be controversial on the article's talk page. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the content has been restored, as you can see from the page history. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia, and if you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. A Macedonian, a Greek. (talk) 13:18, 6 November 2011 (UTC)

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A plate of Palak Paneer

	A plate of Palak Paneer
	Nice username! Joyson Noel Holla at me! 16:27, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

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Orphaned non-free image File:SSB India Logo.jpg

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Textile manufacturing

Greeting friend- you made an edit changing lower castes to farmers- can you explain a bit more your POV and share a few references, I would have thought that at this time farmers who have meant the colonial invaders, goodness knows what the upper castes were doing- but it would be left the landless to do the work. I genuinely don't know what the situation was. Reply here, I have tagged watch for this page.--ClemRutter (talk) 20:01, 18 February 2013 (UTC)

Textile Manufacturing reply to ClemRutter

First, I would say about American cotton farming. Farming was initially done manually in the world and use of machines was not present. In America too, the manual work was carried out by farmers owning land (large amount of land, like commercial farming in those days). However, slavery was present in the society as we know, and slaves thus formed the majority of labour workforce. With the advent of Industrial Age, use of machines made way into agriculture decreasing amount of labour and mechanisation of cotton farming took place gradually over two centuries. Further slavery was abolished alongside. Some references, http://www.history.com/topics/cotton (3rd para) http://www.ushistory.org/us/22b.asp

In Indian subcontinent, let us understand the scenario and not get into caste details. Farming is a major occupation carried out by over 60% of population currently which was over 75% once. Hence, agriculture is a primary occupation of most. Over 70% of Indian population lives in rural areas; and agriculture is done in rural areas (obviously). Agriculture is labour-intensive. We might get the impression that being labour-intensive would mean people from poorer background were involved in agriculture. Agriculture in India is intensive in nature, that is, there are small farms compared to those in developed countries like that in America and Europe. Land owning is higher and most own land in villages. Before independence, the agriculture scene consisted of landlords, small farmers and middle income. All people have farms and work in their farms. The labour force involved is/was self-employment in their own land. Talking of labour in agriculture, working in others land as labours was present too and was based on bonded labour or just employment. Either people would work for big landlords after taking loan and failing to repay. Or would employ themselves (working alongside their farms or leasing them). Middle income farmers were those who were as rich nor were so poor to go for labour in others fields. Landlords consisted of those families who were part of the feudal system. Small farmers are those who are poor by income. The impression of lower castes working comes here at this point. During colonial rule, people were forced to grow cash crops and this caused massive famines, increasing poverty and income inequality (leading to thinner middle income group, decrease in wealth, and increasing caste/community differences). After independence, feudal system was abolished and land distributed from previous feudal owners.

Overlapping with the community caste structure, one would say that poor farmers were mostly communities regarded as lower castes and zamindars from communities known as upper castes.

The society is not much different from then, especially the rural society in contrast to urban society in India. Mechanisation was not available then. Even now mechanisation in Indian agriculture and other developed countries is minimal. Mechanisation is being mooted by intellectuals and is not as likely as in the West. See http://www.cicr.org.in/pdf/mechnaisation_cotton.pdf Cotton farming is still manual and cotton buds (kapash) is picked by hand as in other developing countries. This is it. Thank you.

Thats terribly important and needs to be added to several articles-I nned a little time to think what the best way of approaching the task will be. Get back to me if you think I am being too slow. --ClemRutter (talk) 15:23, 22 February 2013 (UTC)

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