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Latest comment: 17 hours ago by Industrial Metal Brain in topic Militant groups

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Militant groups

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Latest comment: 17 hours ago1 comment1 person in discussion

The majority of suicide bombings in Israel and Palestine have been organized by Palestinian nationalist groups,[1] initially led by Islamist organizations and then adopted by more secular groups.[2][additional citation(s) needed] These organizations typically recruit bombers from outside their own ranks, rather than relying on internal members.[1][additional citation(s) needed] The peak of nationalist suicide bombings was the Second Intifada (2000 to 2005). Suicide bombs were then used by a smaller number of Palestinians in anti-nationalist groups, usually against the nationalists.[3][4][5][6]

The Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)

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Aftermath of the Dizengoff Center suicide bombing, carried out by Hamas in downtown Tel Aviv in March 1996, killing 13 Israelis.[7]

Hamas, through its military wing Al-Qassam Brigades,[8][additional citation(s) needed] has been responsible for numerous suicide attacks since 1993. The group has conducted more suicide attacks and caused more Israeli casualties than any other Palestinian group.[8][additional citation(s) needed]

Hamas presents both practical and doctrinal justifications for suicide bombings. Practically, they emphasize the harm and deterrence these attacks inflict on Israeli society. Doctrinally, they glorify martyrdom as the pinnacle of jihad and Islamic belief.[9] The old 1988 Hamas Covenant (revised in 2017) articulated the group's goal, stating, "Israel will exist and will continue to exist until Islam will obliterate it, just as it obliterated others before it". Additionally, Article 7 of the 1988 Covenant declares, "The time [of Redemption] will not come until the Muslims fight the Jews and kill them, and until the Jews hide behind rocks and trees when the call is raised: 'Oh Muslim, here is a Jew hiding! Come and kill him.'"[10][additional citation(s) needed] The group contends that suicide bombings establish a "balance of fear" (tawazun ra'b) against Israel by inflicting significant casualties and psychological distress on Israelis, despite the group's own military limitations. Additionally, Hamas[who?] frames these attacks as a testament to "Palestinian innovative genius" (abqariyyat al-ibda' al-filastini), showcasing their perceived creativity and strategic ingenuity in the ongoing conflict.[9]

The first major attack by Hamas occurred on April 13, 1994, at the Hadera bus station suicide bombing, killing five people,[8] as retribution for the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre by Baruch Goldstein in February.[11] A significant escalation in Hamas' suicide bombing campaign followed the assassination of bombmaker Yahya Ayyash in January 1996. This led to a surge in attacks until late 1997.[8] During the initial 21 months of the Second Intifada (September 2000 to June 2002), Hamas was responsible for approximately 43% of all suicide attacks against Israelis, killing 161 and injuring over 1,100.[8] Ganor writes that from 2000 to 2005, Hamas orchestrated 92 out of 155 total terrorist attacks.[12] Moghadam notes that Hamas has demonstrated a high level of lethality and effectiveness in its attacks, often causing more casualties than other Palestinian groups.[8][additional citation(s) needed]

Palestinian Islamic Jihad

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Aftermath of the dual bombings at Beit Lid junction, carried out by the PIJ in January 1995, killing 20 soldiers and 1 civilian.[13]

The Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) began conducting suicide attacks[clarification needed] between 1994 and 1997.[14][additional citation(s) needed] The group's attacks primarily targeted civilians within Israel proper, including Jerusalem.[14][verification needed]

The PIJ was behind the Bus 405 suicide attack in 1989, which killed 16 civilians, and is considered by some[who?] as the first Palestinian suicide attack in Israel.[15][additional citation(s) needed]

The group's first notable attack occurred on November 11, 1994, when a PIJ member used a bicycle bomb to kill three Israelis. On January 22, 1995, PIJ carried out one of the deadliest attacks in Israeli history with dual bombings at Beit Lid junction, resulting in the deaths 20 Israeli soldiers and 1 civilian.[13] During the initial 21 months of the Second Intifada (September 2000 to June 2002), PIJ was responsible for approximately 20% of all successful suicide attacks, killing at least 28 Israelis and injuring 213. The number of attacks by PIJ increased over time, peaking with the Megiddo Junction bus bombing in June 2002, which killed 17 Israelis.[14][additional citation(s) needed]

The Ideology of the PIJ was influenced by Islamist thinker Sayyid Qutb.[15] Fathi Shiqaqi, a co-founder of PIJ, has advocated the idea that jihad is a personal duty.[16] Former PIJ leader Ramadan Shalah expressed the group's reliance on martyrdom as a tactic, stating, "We have nothing with which to repel the killing and thuggery against us except the weapon of martyrdom. It is easy and costs us only our lives [...] human bombs cannot be defeated, not even by nuclear bombs".[17]

Fatah, Tanzim, and Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades

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During the Second Intifada, Fatah, the primary faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) led then by Yasser Arafat, was a major player in the use of suicide attacks.[citation needed] During the initial 21 months of the Second Intifada (September 2000 to June 2002), Fatah has been responsible for nearly a third of all suicide attacks and became the most active organization in terms of the number of attacks on Israelis. The group's strategy involved leveraging the Tanzim and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades to provide a secular alternative to Islamist groups like Hamas and PIJ.[18][additional citation(s) needed]

The Tanzim, the armed wing of Fatah, was involved in significant violence, particularly following Ariel Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount. The Tanzim's first major suicide attack occurred on January 17, 2002, in Hadera, killed six people and wounded 33 at a bat mitzvah children celebration.[18][additional citation(s) needed]

The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, a faction within Fatah formed after September 2000, emerged during the Second Intifada as a leading group in carrying out suicide attacks. In the early months of 2002, this group was responsible for over half of all suicide attacks, prompting[verification needed] the U.S. State Department to designate it as a "Foreign Terrorist Organization" in March 2002. The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades are closely linked to Fatah, with many of its members also being part of the Palestinian Authority's security forces.[18][additional citation(s) needed]

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The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), a secular Marxist–Leninist faction also originating from the PLO, carried out a limited number of suicide attacks during the Second Intifada.[18] Under the leadership of George Habash (December 1967 – July 2000), the PFLP's rejection of suicide attacks led to a decline in support.[ambiguous][additional citation(s) needed] However, after shifting to suicide terrorism and adopting jihadist rhetoric in 2001,[when?] the group's support levels quickly recovered.[19] Under the leadership of Secretary General Ahmad Sa'adat (2001 to present),[20] the PFLP were responsible for several notable incidents, including the October 17, 2001 assassination of far-right Israeli cabinet minister Rehavam Ze'evi,[21][22][23] Ze'evi was shot in the head and neck, nobody else was wounded,[24] and the militants all escaped alive.[25][26] Then on February 16, 2002, a 17 or 18-year-old militant from the PFLP's Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades executed a suicide bombing at a mall in Karnei Shomron settlement in the West Bank,[27][28] killing himself and two younger teenagers,[27] and injuring an additional 27 people.[29] Approximately three weeks later, the PFLP conducted another suicide attack in the Israeli settlement of Ariel, injuring 15 people.[18][additional citation(s) needed]

ISIS suicide bombings in the Gaza Strip

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In 2017 and 2019, during the Sinai insurgency, there were suicide bombings in the Gaza Strip by local ISIS sympathizers.[4][5] ISIS are a global extremist group, with an ideology that fundamentally opposes the Palestinian nationalism of Hamas and the other groups above.[6]} In 2017 two Hamas government border guards were killed while attempting to intercept an ISIS suicide bomber at Rafah Crossing.[4][30][31] The Hamas government responded to that bombing with a crackdown on followers of "deviant ideologies" (meaning ISIS and similar groups).[32][33]

In 2018, members of ISIS in the Sinai "declared war" on Hamas, demanding Hamas release ISIS militants held in Gaza's prisons.[34] Then in 2019, another suicide attack – also attributed to ISIS – directly targeted Gaza Strip police.[35][5] Three police officers were killed,[36][37][38] all three victims were allegedly members of Hamas.[39] Gaza's Security forces responded by arresting ten people whom they suspected were members of the cell who arranged the attack.[3][5]

Jund Ansar Allah (Islamic Emirate of Rafah)

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Further information: Jund Ansar Allah, Islamic Emirate of Rafah, and Battle of Rafah (2009)

Another group who have allegedly used suicide bombs was Jund Ansar Allah, an anti-nationalist Islamist group in the Gaza Strip.

A few weeks earlier, the IDF claimed that members of Jund Ansar Allah who attempted to attack Karni crossing had been wearing explosive belts, but they were shot dead before detonating them.[40] On 8 June 2009 the group carried out a raid on the Karni border crossing between the Gaza Strip and Israel. Ten individuals from the group rode into battle on horses laden with large quantities of explosives, with at least three of them being shot dead by Israeli troops. Five Jund Ansar Allah operatives in total died in the operation.[41] Israeli officials said several of the men had been wearing explosive belts, and suspected they had been attempting to kidnap a soldier.[40]

On 14 August 2009, the leader of Jund Ansar Allah, Abdel Latif Moussa, unexpectedly declared the creation of the Islamic emirate in the Gaza Strip to his armed followers at the Ibn Taymiyya mosque in Rafah after the Friday prayer.[42][43] During his sermon, Moussa condemned the Palestinian nationalist Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) for failing to implement proper Sharia law and "not being any different from a secular government".[44][40][45][46] On the same day, Hamas' Qassam Brigades attacked the Ibn Taymiyya mosque in Rafah and other Jund Ansar Allah bases in Rafah, including the leader's house. The BBC and The Jerusalem Post reported that according to Hamas, when they reached the positions of Moussa and Abu Abdullah al Suri, the two men detonated explosive vests.[47][44] Jund Ansar Allah was virtually destroyed after the fighting, having both of its leaders killed, and its bases captured.[48][49][50][51][52][53]

Historical groups in the Palestine region

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PFLP, Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades, and PFLP-EO

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The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) is a secular Marxist–Leninist faction originating from the PLO. They were founded in 1967, over 20 years before Hamas, by George Habash. At this early stage of the movement, Palestinian militants preferred to survive their missions.[54]

However, one of the first people who the Israelis described as a "suicide terrorist" was

was allegedly recruited by the PFLP External Operations unit (PFLP-EO)


But they are most famous for taking hundreds of hostages in plane hijackings in the 1970s (before Hamas was founded). At the time, Benjamin Netanyahu and his brother were commandos in the IDF, Benjamin was wounded and Yonatan Netanyahu was killed, in separate incidents, freeing the hostages by force to avoid a prisoner exchange.

Under the PFLP's rejected of suicide attacks 

these were pivotal in the political career of Benjamin Netenyahu because at the time he and his brother were commandos in the IDF., 

in one of these Benjamin Netanyahu was injured, and in another his brother was killed, the Netenyahu  were commandos in the IDF

Under

Pedahzur, led to a decline in support..[19]


However, after shifting to suicide terrorism and adopting jihadist rhetoric in 2001, the group's support levels quickly recovered.[19] 

Secretary General Ahmad Sa'adat (2001 to present),[55]


Palestinians connected to the PFLP carried out a limited number of suicide attacks during the Second Intifada.[18]

While Ahmad Sa'adat has been a prisoner of Israel, the PFLP were responsible for several notable incidents.

On February 16, 2002, the PFLP executed a suicide bombing at a mall in Karnei Shomron, resulting in 2 Israeli deaths and 29 injuries. Approximately three weeks later, the PFLP conducted another suicide attack in the settlement of Ariel, injuring 15 people.[18] Industrial Metal Brain (talk) 07:18, 1 December 2024 (UTC)Reply

  1. ^ a b Moghadam 2003, p. 68.
  2. ^ Gupta & Mundra 2005, p. 578.
  3. ^ a b https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-says-it-captured-cell-behind-gaza-suicide-bombings-that-killed-cops/
  4. ^ a b c https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5004007,00.html
  5. ^ a b c d "Deadly Explosions Target Hamas Police Checkpoints in Gaza". The New York Times. 28 August 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  6. ^ a b https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/MES-Publications/MES-Insights/Excommunicating-Hamas/
  7. ^ Serge, Schmemann (5 March 2010). "Bombing in Israel:The Overview;4th Terror Blast in Israel Kills 14 at Mall in Tel Aviv; Nine-Day Toll Grows to 61". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Moghadam 2003, pp. 78–80.
  9. ^ a b Litvak 2010, pp. 724–725.
  10. ^ Hoffman 2017, p. 94.
  11. ^ Robert Pape (2005). Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism. Random House. pp. 66–68.
  12. ^ Ganor 2015, p. 157.
  13. ^ a b "Suicide and Other Bombing Attacks in Israel Since the Declaration of Principles (Sept 1993)". embassies.gov.il. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  14. ^ a b c Moghadam 2003, pp. 81–82.
  15. ^ a b Siniver 2023, p. 300.
  16. ^ Pedahzur 2006, p. 64.
  17. ^ Hatina 2014, p. 99.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Moghadam 2003, pp. 82–83.
  19. ^ a b c Pedahzur 2006, p. 45.
  20. ^ "Ahmad Saadat re-elected as PFLP leader". www.israelhayom.com. 2022-05-22. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  21. ^ https://www.haaretz.com/2001-10-18/ty-article/minister-rehavam-zeevi-assassinated-by-pflp/0000017f-e6c0-df2c-a1ff-fed1431c0000
  22. ^ Ofer Aderet (21 September 2016). "Palmach Veterans Balk at Memorial for Ex-general Rehavam Ze'evi". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  23. ^ https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/zeevi-assassination-and-its-possible-aftermath
  24. ^ Bennet, James (2001-10-16). "Right-Wing Israeli Minister Is Killed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-02-18. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
  25. ^ Yaakov Katz; Margot Dudkevitch (2006-03-14). "Sa'adat, Ze'evi assassins surrender to IDF forces". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 2020-02-27. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
  26. ^ "Palestinian militants surrender at jail". NBC News. Associated Press. 2006-03-14. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
  27. ^ a b קרני שומרון: מחבל מתאבד התפוצץ ליד הפיצריה [A suicide bomber blew himself up near the pizzeria]. www.ynet.co.il Ynet Hebrew edition (in Hebrew). 2002-02-17. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  28. ^ "Israel hits back in West Bank". bbc.co.uk. 17 February 2002.
  29. ^ https://www.capecodtimes.com/story/news/2002/02/17/suicide-bombing-kills-three-wounds/50969916007/
  30. ^ https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1146196/middle-east
  31. ^ https://www.npr.org/2018/01/15/578172703/what-effect-isis-declaration-of-war-against-hamas-could-have-in-the-middle-east
  32. ^ https://www.arabnews.com/node/536401/amp
  33. ^ "Hamas militant killed by suicide bomber in Gaza". Los Angeles Times. New York City (AP) and Los Angeles (LA Times). Associated Press. 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  34. ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/10/world/middleeast/isis-hamas-sinai.html
  35. ^ https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2019/israel/
  36. ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/world/explosions-hit-gaza-police-checkpoints-three-dead-officials-idUSKCN1VH2C3/
  37. ^ https://www.france24.com/en/20190828-deadly-explosions-police-checkpoints-gaza-strip
  38. ^ https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_officials-explosions-hit-gaza-police-checkpoints-three-dead/6174697.html
  39. ^ "Hamas: ISIS is behind the bombings in Gaza - North press agency". npasyria.com. North Press Agency. 28 August 2019. Archived from the original on 9 November 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  40. ^ a b c "Profile: Jund Ansar Allah". 2009-08-15. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
  41. ^ "News of Terrorism and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: June 2-9, 2009". Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
  42. ^ "Hamas says Gaza now under control". BBC News. 15 August 2009.
  43. ^ "Islamist leader dies in Gaza battle". Al Jazeera English. 15 Aug 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  44. ^ a b "'Jund Ansar Allah leader killed himself'". JPost.com The Jerusalem Post. 14 August 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  45. ^ "Hamas and al Qaeda-linked group clash in Gaza". www.longwarjournal.org FDD's Long War Journal. 2009-08-14. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  46. ^ "FACTBOX: Five facts about Jund Ansar Allah". Reuters. 2009-08-15. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  47. ^ "Profile: Jund Ansar Allah". BBC News. 15 August 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2024. Moussa, a doctor and local cleric, was killed alongside 21 others in the ensuing battle. Hamas officials said he and an aide named Khaled Banat, a Syrian national of Palestinian origin also known as Abu Abdullah al-Muhajir, had blown themselves up using explosive vests.
  48. ^ "Imam among 24 killed in Gaza fighting". ABC News (Australia). 15 August 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  49. ^ Beaumont, Peter (2009-08-15). "Hamas destroys al-Qaida group in violent Gaza battle". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  50. ^ Marshall, Warren (2010-11-30). "Al-Qaeda in Gaza: Isolating "the Base"". Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations. 1 (1). doi:10.15664/jtr.167. hdl:10023/5610. ISSN 2516-3159.
  51. ^ "All 24 victims of Friday". Maan News Agency. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  52. ^ "Islamist leader killed in clashes with Hamas police". France 24. 15 August 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  53. ^ "Islamist leader dies in Gaza battle". Al Jazeera English. 15 August 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  54. ^ Matt Bevan (3 November 2023). "Hezbollah: Explained | If You're Listening". If You’re Listening URL. ABC News. Retrieved 30 November 2024. audio from a vintage news clip included in a. documentary: unlike most Palestinian terrorists who prefer to get away, Hezbollah welcome death and this makes them more dangerous.
  55. ^ https://www.israelhayom.com/2022/05/22/ahmad-saadat-re-elected-as-pflp-leader/
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