'''Ute''' is a language spoken by the [[Ute people]], ranging from Colorado, to New Mexico, to Utah <ref>THE UTES. (1996). In Ellis R., Blair R., Casey T., Romme W., & Ellis R. (Eds.), ''The Western San Juan Mountains: Their Geology, Ecology, and Human History'' (pp. 225-233). University Press of Colorado. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/stable/j.ctt46nv90.23</ref>. It is an [[Endangered language]] with only around 3,500 speakers left.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2965|title=Did you know Ute is endangered?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=2017-05-01}}</ref>. Ute is a part of a language family called [[Uto-Aztecan languages]] and the subfamily, [[Numic languages]]. English is also widely spoken by the Ute community. The origin of the name "Ute" is unknown. <ref name=":0" /> == Geographic distribution == === Regions spoken === [[United States]], [[Utah]], [[Colorado]], [[Arizona]], [[Nevada]], [[California]]. <ref name=":2" /> === Dialects === The [[Numic languages]] subfamily has three branches: <ref name=":0"> Givón, T. (2011). ''Ute reference grammar. [electronic resource]''. Amsterdam ; Philadelphia : John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2011.</ref> '''The Shoshone cluster''' (North) '''The Northern Paiute cluster''' (Central) '''Chemehueve''', '''Kawaisu''', '''Southern Paiute''', '''Ute''' (South) The differences between the branches of [[Numic languages|Numic]] is most difference in [[Pronunciation]]. == Phonology == === Vowels === Usually [[Vowel|Vowels]] are open and resonant <ref name=":0" />. The [[Ute]] dialect uses regular vowels, as well as nasalized vowels, some examples are ''a'' and ''o'' <ref>Kroeber, A. (1908). Notes on the Ute Language. ''American Anthropologist,'' ''10''(1), new series, 74-87. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/stable/659779</ref>. Vowels at the ends of words are sometimes not articulated. Some vowels are whispered. <ref name=":0" /> Some examples: '''/i/ (high front vowel)''' <ref name=":0" /> Pronounced similarly to English, i.e."see", "please" '''/u/ (high back rounded vowel)''' <ref name=":0" /> Pronounced similarly to English, i.e. "fool", "shoot". '''/a/ (low central vowel)''' <ref name=":0" /> Pronounced similarly to English, i.e. "father", "car". {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" !front !front-rounded !central !back-unrounded !back !tongue height |- |i | |i |ʉ |u |high |- |[e] |ө | | |[o] |mid |- |[æ] | |a | | |low |} == Word examples <ref>Kroeber, A. L. (1908). Notes on the Ute Language. ''American Anthropologist'', (1). 74.</ref> == ne-ara noѵintc I am Ute pag' ina-g'a It is cloudy üm-a kuk-vi-iñ Did you shoot him? == History and Culture of Ute == The Shoshone cluster and the Northern Paiute cluster migrated north and west, towards [[Oregon]] and [[Nevada]], about 2,500 years ago. The southern branch of [[Numic languages|Numic]] migrated outwards from what is now southern [[California]] up the [[Colorado River]] about 1,000 years ago. <ref name=":0" /> In the early 1800s, the Ute lived in Western Colorado and Eastern Utah. The Ute people lived in [[Tipi|tipis]], or brush and [[sod]] shelters. <ref name=":1">Ute. (2016). ''Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition'', 1.</ref> Today many Ute people live on reservations in Colorado and Utah, where they partake in oil and gas leases, as well as livestock and farming. <ref name=":1" /> The central and southern branches inherited cultural practices from the Spanish settlers of [[New Mexico]] around the year 1600. The Ute people began using the Spanish words for some crops and animals. Some of those words spread with the migration of the [[Nomad|Nomadic]] Ute. The Ute also borrowed imported horses from Spanish settlers, making mobile activities like [[hunting]] and [[warfare]] easier. Even with Spanish settlement, the Ute's maintained their hunting and [[gathering]] culture until after the [[American Civil War]] with expansion into the west. <ref name=":0" /> === Endangerment === In 1990 there were around 7,500 Ute in the [[United States]]. <ref name=":1" /> There are currently about 3,500 native speakers worldwide. <ref name=":2" /> == References == {{reflist}} {{uncategorized|date=May 2017}}
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