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Guide to referencing
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Using references (citations) |
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We thought you might find it useful to have some information about references (refs) on wikipedia. These are important to validate your writing and inform the reader. Any editor can remove unreferenced material; and unsubstantiated articles may end up getting deleted, so when you add something to an article, it's highly advisable to also include a reference to say where it came from. Referencing may look daunting, but it's easy enough to do. Here's a guide to getting started.
A reference must be accurate, i.e. it must prove the statement in the text. To validate "Mike Brown climbed Everest", it's no good linking to a page about Everest, if Mike Brown isn't mentioned, nor to one on Mike Brown, if it doesn't say that he climbed Everest. You have to link to a source that proves his achievement is true. You must use reliable sources, such as published books, mainstream press, and authorised web sites. Blogs, Myspace, Youtube, fan sites and extreme minority texts are not usually acceptable, nor is original research (e.g. your own unpublished, or self-published, essay or research), or another wikipedia article.
The first thing you have to do is to create a "Notes and references" section (unless it already exists). This goes towards the bottom of the page, below the "See also" section and above the "External links" section. Enter this code:
The next step is to put a reference in the text. Here is the code to do that. It goes at the end of the relevant term, phrase, sentence, or paragraph to which the note refers, and after punctuation such as a full stop, without a space (to prevent separation through line wrap):
Whatever text you put in between these two tags will become visible in the "Notes and references" section as your reference.
Open the edit box for this page, copy the following text (inserting your own text where indicated), paste it at the bottom of the page and save the page:
(End of text to copy and paste.) It should appear like this:
You need to include the information to enable the reader to find your source. For an online newspaper source, it might look like this:
When uploaded, it appears as:
Note the single square brackets around the URL and the article title. The format is:
Make sure there is a space between the URL and the Title. This code results in the URL being hidden and the title showing as a link. Use double apostrophes for the article title (it is quoted text), and two single quote marks either side of the name of the paper (to generate italics). Double square brackets round the name of the paper create an internal link (a wikilink) to the relevant wikipedia article. Apostrophes must go outside the brackets. The date after The Guardian is the date of the newspaper, and the date after "Retrieved on" is the date you accessed the site – useful for searching the web archive in case the link goes dead. Dates are wikilinked so that they work with user preference settings to display the date in the format the user wishes.
You can use sources which are not online, but which you have found in a library or elsewhere—in which case leave out the information which is not relevant. The newspaper example above would be formatted like this:
When uploaded, it appears as:
Here is an example for a book:
When uploaded, it appears as:
Make sure you put two single quote marks round the title (to generate italics), rather than one double quote mark.
These formats are all acceptable for dates:
You may prefer to use a citation template to compile details of the source. The template goes between the ref tags and you fill out the fields you wish to. Basic templates can be found here: Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles/Citation quick reference
The first time a reference appears in the article, you can give it a simple name in the <ref> code:
The second time you use the same reference in the article, you need only to create a short cut instead of typing it all out again:
You can then use the short cut as many times as you want. Don't forget the /, or it will blank the rest of the article! A short cut will only pick up from higher up the page, so make sure the first ref is the full one. Some symbols don't work in the ref name, but you'll find out if you use them. You can see multiple use of the same refs in action in the article William Bowyer (artist). There are 3 sources and they are each referenced 3 times. Each statement in the article has a footnote to show what its source is.
The above method is simple and combines references and notes into one section. A refinement is to put the full details of the references in their own section headed "References", while the notes which apply to them appear in a separate section headed "Notes". The notes can be inserted in the main article text in an abbreviated form as seen in Harriet Arbuthnot or in a full form as in Brown Dog affair.
More information can be found at:
I hope this helps. If you need any assistance, let me know. |
Proposed deletion of "Rainer Maria Latzke"
editThe deletion of an article you created, Rainer Maria Latzke, has been proposed for the following reason:
- Although he may well be notable, a reliable source would confirm that, instead of peacock terms
You are welcome to improve the article to meet Wikipedia's quality standards and remove the deletion notice from the article. You may also remove the notice if you disagree with the deletion, though in such cases, further discussion may take place at Articles for deletion, and the article may still be deleted if there is a consensus to do so.
Wikipedia has certain standards for inclusion that all articles must meet. Certain types of article must establish the notability of their subject by asserting its importance or significance. Additionally, since Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, content inappropriate for an encyclopedia, or content that would be more suited to somewhere else (such as a directory or social networking website) is not acceptable. See What Wikipedia is not for the relevant policy. You may wish to read our introduction to editing and guide to writing your first article.
Thanks. StaticGull Talk 13:54, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
AfD nomination of Rainer Maria Latzke
editI have nominated Rainer Maria Latzke, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rainer Maria Latzke. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? StaticGull Talk 14:22, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
Image copyright problem with Image:Rainer Maria Latzke waehrend der Ausmalung des Lanner Lehar Saales im Wiener Rathaus 2005.jpg
editThank you for uploading Image:Rainer Maria Latzke waehrend der Ausmalung des Lanner Lehar Saales im Wiener Rathaus 2005.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the image. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.
If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. J Milburn (talk) 15:42, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
Possibly unfree Image:The Scorpions with muralist Rainer Maria Latzke.jpg
editAn image that you uploaded or altered, Image:The Scorpions with muralist Rainer Maria Latzke.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the image description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at the discussion if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. J Milburn (talk) 15:44, 9 August 2008 (UTC) --J Milburn (talk) 15:44, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
Image source problem with Image:The Scorpions with muralist Rainer Maria Latzke.jpg
editThanks for uploading Image:The Scorpions with muralist Rainer Maria Latzke.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.
If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Wikipedia:Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 10:08, 22 August 2008 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Ian¹³/t 10:08, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
URGENT HELP!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
editHello
my name is Rachel and I'm working on a dummy issue for a german publisher called burda. for this issue i would love to use the following photo:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eckart_Witzigmann_Aubergine.jpg
how can i get this in med or high res? could you please get me the details of whom the photo belongs to? there is no photocredit.....
i'm on deadline today. PLEASEEEEEEEE help me ASAP
Thanks a million, Rachel
Rachel Kasuch US Correspondent 3128 Woodland Avenue South Plainfield NJ, 07080 office: 001-908-668 0102 fax: 001-908-668 9715 cell: 001-917-856 9930 e-mail: [email protected] —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.44.6.178 (talk) 17:32, 20 April 2011 (UTC)
URGENT HELP!!!
editHello
my name is Rachel and I'm working on a dummy issue for a german publisher called burda. for this issue i would love to use the following photo:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eckart_Witzigmann_Aubergine.jpg
how can i get this in med or high res? could you please get me the details of whom the photo belongs to? there is no photocredit.....
i'm on deadline today. PLEASEEEEEEEE help me ASAP
Thanks a million, Rachel
Rachel Kasuch US Correspondent 3128 Woodland Avenue South Plainfield NJ, 07080 office: 001-908-668 0102 fax: 001-908-668 9715 cell: 001-917-856 9930 e-mail: [email protected] 68.44.6.178 (talk) 17:35, 20 April 2011 (UTC)