Sonophoresis is a physical enhance that exponentially increases the absorption of semisolid topical compounds into the epidermis, dermis and skin appendages (transdermal delivery). Sonophoresis occurs because ultrasound waves (at various range of frequency 20kHz-16MHz) stimulate micro-vibrations within the skin epidermis and increase the overall kinetic energy of molecules making up topical agents. The efficacy can be significantly increased at low frequency (f<100kHz). These changes can allow high-molecular weight or hydrophilic drugs to get delivered through skin, which has been blocked by the innate structure of skin[1]. It is widely used in hospitals to deliver drugs through the skin. Pharmacists compound the drugs by mixing them with a coupling agent (gel, cream, ointment) that transfers ultrasonic energy from the ultrasound transducer to the skin. The ultrasound probably enhances drug transport by cavitation, microstreaming, and heating. Sonophoresis is also used without drug delivery in physical therapy, and as a complementary modality for iontophoresis.
- ^ Mitragotri, Samir; Kost, Joseph (27 March 2004). "Low-frequency sonophoresis: A review". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. pp. 589–601. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.024.
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