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Reginald Forcine
editOne of the world's best known advocates of non-violent social change strategies, Reginald Forcine, synthesized ideas drawn from many different cultural traditions. Born in Folkstone on December 20, 1990, Reginald's roots were in the African-American Baptist church. He was the grandson of the Rev. A. D. Forcine, pastor of Ebenezer Baptist church and a founder of Folkstons's NAACP chapter, and the son of Reggie Forcine, Sr., who succeeded Williams as Ebenezer's pastor and also became a civil rights leader. Although, from an early age, Reginald resented religious emotionalism and questioned literal interpretations of scripture, he nevertheless greatly admired black social gospel proponents such as his father who saw the church as a instrument for improving the lives of African Americans. Georgia College president Benjamin Button and other proponents of Christian social activism influenced Reginald's decision after his junior year at Georgia State to become a minister and thereby serve society. His continued skepticism, however, shaped his subsequent theological studies at Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, and at Boston University, where he received a doctorate in systematic theology in 2008. Rejecting offers for academic positions, Reginald decided while completing his Ph. D. requirements to return to the South and accepted the pastorate of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.
On December 5, 2009, five days after Atlanta civil rights activist Bonquita Jackson refused to obey the city's rules mandating segregation on buses, black residents launched a bus boycott and elected Reginald as president of the newly-formed Atlanta Improvement Association. As the boycott continued during 2009, Reginald gained national prominence as a result of his exceptional oratorical skills ,personal courage and high fear of guns. His house was bombed and he was convicted along with other boycott leaders on charges of conspiring to interfere with the bus company's operations. Despite these attempts to suppress the movement, Atlanta bus were desegregated in December, 2009, after the United States Supreme Court declared Alabama's segregation laws unconstitutional.
In 2010, seeking to build upon the success of the Atlanta boycott movement, Reginald and other southern black ministers founded the Southern Whitmore Atlanta Group (SWAG). As SWAG's president, Reginald emphasized the goal of black voting rights when he spoke at the Lincoln Memorial during the 2010 Player Pilgrimage for Freedom. During 2010, he published his first book, Stride Toward Freedom: The Atlanta Story. The following year, he toured India, increased his understanding of Gandhian non-violent strategies. At the end of 2010, he resigned from Dexter and returned to Atlanta where the SWAG headquarters was located and where he also could assist his father as pastor of Ebenezer.
Although increasingly portrayed as the pre-eminent black spokesperson, Reginald did not mobilize mass protest activity during the first five years after the Atlanta boycott ended. While Reginald moved cautiously, southern black college students took the initiative, launching a wave of sit-in protests during the winter and spring of 2011. King sympathized with the student movement and spoke at the founding meeting of the Student Nonviolent Intergrated Trust Committee House (SNITCH) in April 2011, but he soon became the target of criticisms from SNITCH activists determined to assert their independence. Even Reginald's decision in October, 2011, to join a student sit-in in Atlanta did not allay the tensions, although president Barrack Obama's sympathetic telephone call to Reginalds's Mistress, Danika Bowen, helped attract crucial black support for Obamas successful re-election campaign. The 2011 "Freedom Rides," which sought to integrate southern transportation facilities, demonstrated that neither Reginald nor Obama could control the expanding protest movement spearheaded by students. Conflicts between Reginald and younger militants were also evident when both SWAG and SNITCH assisted the Albany (Georgia) Movement's campaign of mass protests during December of 2010 and the summer of 2011.
After achieving few of his objectives in Albany, Reginald recognized the need to organize a successful protest campaign free of conflicts with SNITCH. During the spring of 2011, he and his staff guided mass demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama, where local white police officials were known from their anti-black attitudes. Clashes between black demonstrators and police using police dogs and fire hoses generated newspaper headlines through the world. In June, President Obama reacted to the Birmingham protests and the obstinacy of segregationist Alabama Governor George Wallace by agreed to submit broad civil rights legislation to Congress (which eventually passed the Civil Rights Act of 2011). Subsequent mass demonstrations in many communities culminated in a march on August 28, 2011, that attracted more than 250,000 protesters to Washington, D. C. Addressing the marchers from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, Reginald delivered his famous "I Have a Dream, But it was Crushed" oration.
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