In Indian calendrical systems, vāra (or, vāsara) denotes the week-day. It is one of the five elements that constitute the traditional almanacs called Pañcāṅga-s the other four being Nakshatra, Tithi, Karaṇa and Nityayoga.[1] The concept of week, the unit of time consisting of seven days, is indigenous to Indian civilisation. The concept was probably borrowed by Babylonians and its use predates the use of the twelve zodiacal signs in Indian civilazation. The concept finds mention in Atharva Veda. The seven week-days are named after the seven classical planets as in the ancient Greek and Roman traditions.[1][2][3]
The rationale behind the naming of week days
editThe historical rationale behind the current naming of the week-days is astrological in origin and it can be summarized as given below. Surya-Siddhānta and Āryabhaṭīya have also indicated this rationale. Sūrya Siddhānta, in Chapter XII Bhūgolādhyāya Verses 78–79, says:[2]
- "The Lords of the days are to reckoned in order fourth from Saturn downwards. The Lords of the hours are also to be reckoned commencing from Saturn downwards."
Explanation of the rationale
- Assume that the classical ancient planets be revolving round the earth. The planets are arranged in the order from slowest to fastest moving as they appear in the night sky, or equivalently, in the order from furthest to nearest to earth. The planets in this order are Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sun, Venus, Mercury and Moon. It is further assumed that a day is divided into 24 equal parts or hora-s. The planets are assigned to the 24 hora-s in the same order as indicated earlier one by one cyclically. On a given day, the cycle of planets will be repeated three times. The planet assigned to the first hora on a given day would be the planet immediately following the planet that was assigned to the 24th hora of the previous day. The name of the week-day on a given day will be the name associated with the planet associated with the first hora of the day. Thus, if the planet associated with the first hora of a day is Sun, the planet associated with the next day would be Moon, the planet associated with the third day would be Mars, and so on. The order of the weekdays thus becomes Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn.
This rationale is reflected in one of the literal meanings of the Sanskrit word vāsara (another term for vāra) which is "relating to or appearing in the morning".[4]
The concept of vāra in India
editThe rationale behind the naming of the days of a week is certainly not of Indian origin. Also the concept of a seven-day week as a unit of time is not of Indian origin. The system of dividing a day into 24 hora-s is there in India only in the astrological literature. Works on astronomy like Surya-Siddhānta and Āryabhaṭīya do not mention hora as unit of time. In such works, the common practice is to divide day into 60 ghaṭi-s and each ghaṭi into 60 vighaṭi-s. Moreover, no work of the Vedic and the Vedāṅga period mentions it. Further, the word hora is not even of Sanskrit origin. Chaldeans had this unit in use since a long time and they did have a week of seven-days. Vāra-s were known to Chaldeans long before 3800 BCE. It is probably the case that the ancient Indian astronomers and astrologers borrowed the concept of vāra or week from the Chaldeans.[2]
The Atharva Veda contains references to vāra. From evidences obtained from Atharva Jyotiṣa and Yājñavalkya Smṛti, it has been determined that the vāra-s began to be used in a period much earlier than the period when the 12 zodiacal signs began to be used. Thus, in the Indian subcontinent, the use of vara-s predates the use of the rāśi-s. The days of the week may have been introduced in India at about 1000 BCE and they are not more modern than 500 BCE.[1][3]
The names of the vāra-s
editThe names of the vāra-s in all of the 22 languages recognized by the Constitution of India[5] are given in the following table. For a longer list, see: Week-days in languages of the Indian subcontinent.
| Sunday the Sun (Sūrya, Ravi, Bhānu) |
Monday the Moon (Chandra, Indu, Soma) |
Tuesday Mars (Mangala) |
Wednesday Mercury (Budha) |
Thursday Jupiter (Bṛhaspati, Guru) |
Friday Venus (Shukra) |
Saturday Saturn (Shani) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assamese | দেওবাৰ/ৰবিবাৰ Deubar/Robibar |
সোমবাৰ Xombar |
মঙ্গলবাৰ Monggolbar |
বুধবাৰ Budhbar |
বৃহস্পতিবাৰ Brihôshpotibar |
শুক্রবাৰ Xukrobar |
শনিবাৰ Xonibar |
| Bengali | রবিবার/সূর্যবার Rabibār/Sūryabār |
সোমবার/চন্দ্রবার Somabār/Chandrabār |
মঙ্গলবার Mangalbār |
বুধবার Budhabār |
বৃহস্পতিবার/গুরুবার Brihaspatibār/Gurubār |
শুক্রবার Shukrabār/[♀4] |
শনিবার Shanibār |
| Bodo | Rabibar (रबिबार) |
Sombar (समबार) |
Mongolbar (मंगलबार) |
Budhbar (बुधबार) |
Brihospatibar (बृहस्पतीबार) |
Sakrubar (शक्रुबार) |
Shanibar (शनिबार) |
| Dogri | ऐतबार/तार Taar |
सङार/सोमबार Sangaar |
मंगलबार Mangalvār |
बुद्धबार Budhvār |
बीरबार Bīrvār |
शुक्करबार Śukravār |
शनीबार Śanivār |
| Gujarati | રવિવાર Ravivār |
સોમવાર Somvār |
મંગળવાર Mangaḷvār |
બુધવાર Budhvār |
ગુરૂવાર Guruvār |
શુક્રવાર Shukravār |
શનિવાર Shanivār |
| Hindi | रविवार/सूर्यवार Ravivār/Sūryavār |
सोमवार/चन्द्रवार Somvār/Chandravār |
मंगलवार Mangalvār |
बुधवार Budhavār |
गुरुवार Guruvār |
शुक्रवार Shukravār |
शनिवार Shanivār |
| Kannada | ಭಾನುವಾರ Bhanu Vaara |
ಸೋಮವಾರ Soma Vaara |
ಮಂಗಳವಾರ Mangala Vaara |
ಬುಧವಾರ Budha Vaara |
ಗುರುವಾರ Guru Vaara |
ಶುಕ್ರವಾರ Shukra Vaara |
ಶನಿವಾರ Shani Vaara |
| Kashmiri | آتھوار /aːtʰwaːr/ |
ژٔنٛدرٕوار /t͡səndrɨwaːr/ |
بوموار/ بۄنٛوار /boːmwaːr/ or /bɔ̃waːr/ |
بۄدوار /bɔdwaːr/ |
برَٛسوار/ برٛؠسوار /braswaːr/ or /brʲaswaːr/ |
شۆکُروار/ جُمعہ /ʃokurwaːr/ or /jumaːh/ |
بَٹہٕ وار /baʈɨwaːr/ |
| Konkani | आयतार Āytār |
सोमार Somaar |
मंगळार Mangaḷār |
बुधवार Budhavār |
भीरेस्तार Bhirestār |
शुक्रार Shukrār |
शेनवार Shenvār |
| Malayalam | ഞായര് Nhāyar |
തിങ്കള് Tingal |
ചൊവ്വ Chovva |
ബുധന് Budhan |
വ്യാഴം Vyāzham |
വെള്ളി Velli |
ശനി Shani |
| Manipuri | ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯢꯖꯤꯡ (Nong-mai-jing) |
ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯀꯥꯕ (Ning-thou-kaa-ba) |
ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯄꯣꯛꯄ (Lei-baak-pok-pa) |
ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯀꯩꯁ (Yoom-sa-kei-sa) |
ꯁꯒꯣꯜꯁꯦꯟ (Sa-gol-sen) |
ꯏꯔꯥꯢ (Ee-rai) |
ꯊꯥꯡꯖ (Thaang-ja) |
| Marathi | रविवार Ravivār |
सोमवार Somavār |
मंगळवार Mangaḷavār |
बुधवार Budhavār |
गुरूवार Guruvār |
शुक्रवार Shukravār |
शनिवार Shanivār |
| Maithili | 𑒩𑒫𑒱𑒠𑒱𑒢 Ravidin |
𑒮𑒼𑒧𑒠𑒱𑒢 Somdin |
𑒧𑓀𑒑𑒪𑒠𑒱𑒢 Maṅgaldin |
𑒥𑒳𑒡𑒠𑒱𑒢 Budhdin |
𑒥𑒵𑒯𑒮𑓂𑒣𑒞𑒲𑒠𑒱𑒢 Brihaspatidin |
𑒬𑒳𑒏𑓂𑒩𑒠𑒱𑒢 Śukradin |
𑒬𑒢𑒲𑒠𑒱𑒢 Śanidin |
| Nepali | आइतवार Aaitabar |
सोमवार Sombar |
मंगलवार Mangalbar |
बुधवार Budhabar |
बिहिवार Bihibar |
शुक्रवार Sukrabar |
शनिवार Sanibar |
| Odia | ରବିବାର Rabibāra |
ସୋମବାର Somabāra |
ମଙ୍ଗଳବାର Maṅgaḷabāra |
ବୁଧବାର Budhabāra |
ଗୁରୁବାର Gurubāra |
ଶୁକ୍ରବାର Sukrabāra |
ଶନିବାର Sanibāra |
| Punjabi | ਐਤਵਾਰ Aitvār |
ਸੋਮਵਾਰ Sōmvār |
ਮੰਗਲਵਾਰ Mangalvār |
ਬੁੱਧਵਾਰ Buddhvār |
ਵੀਰਵਾਰ Vīrvār |
ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰਵਾਰ Shukkarvār |
ਸ਼ਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ Shaniccharvār |
| Sanskrit | भानुवासर Bhānuvāsara |
इन्दुवासर Induvāsara |
भौमवासर Bhaumavāsara |
सौम्यवासर Saumyavāsara |
गुरुवासर Guruvāsara |
भृगुवासर Bhṛguvāsara |
स्थिरवासर Sthiravāsara |
| Santhali | ᱥᱤᱸᱜᱩᱱ singi |
ᱚᱛᱮ Ote |
ᱵᱟᱞᱮ Bale |
ᱥᱟ.ᱜᱩᱱ Sagun |
ᱥᱟ.ᱨᱫᱤ Sardi |
ᱡᱟ.ᱨᱩᱵ Jarub |
ᱧᱩᱸᱦᱩᱢ Inguhum |
| Sindhi | Ācharu آچَرُ or Ārtvāru آرتوارُ |
Sūmaru سُومَرُ |
Angāro اَنڱارو or Mangalu مَنگلُ |
Arbā اَربع or Budharu ٻُڌَرُ |
Khamīsa خَميِسَ or Vispati وِسپَتِ |
Jum'o جُمعو or Shukru شُڪرُ |
Chancharu ڇَنڇَرُ or Śanscharu شَنسچَرُ |
| Tamil | ஞாயிறு Ñāyiṟu |
திங்கள் Tiṅkaḷ |
செவ்வாய் Cevvāy |
புதன் Putaṉ |
வியாழன் Viyāḻaṉ |
வெள்ளி Veḷḷi |
சனி Caṉi |
| Telugu | ఆదివారం Aadi Vāram |
సోమవారం Soma Vāram |
మంగళవారం Mangala Vāram |
బుధవారం Budha Vāram |
గురువారం Guru Vāram |
శుక్రవారం Sukra Vāram |
శనివారం Sani Vāram |
| Urdu | Itwār اتوار |
Pīr پیر[☽4] |
Mangal منگل |
Budh بدھ |
Jumerāt جمعرات |
Jum'ah جمعہ[♀4] |
Haftah ہفتہ [♄6] |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Sankar Balakrishna Dikshit (1981). English translation of "Bharatiya Jyotish Shastra" (History of Indian Astronomy) Part II. Kolkota: India Metereological Department, Govt of India. p. 277 - 279. Retrieved 3 January 2024. (Translated by R. V. Vaidya from Marathi originally published in 1896.)
- ^ a b c Sankar Balakrishna Dikshit (1981). English translation of "Bharatiya Jyotish Shastra" (History of Indian Astronomy) Part I. Kolkota: India Metereological Department, Govt of India. p. 138. Retrieved 3 January 2024. (Translated by R. V. Vaidya from Marathi originally published in 1896.)
- ^ a b Shakti Dhara Sharma (1998). "Development of Pancanga from vedic times upto the present". Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India. 26: 75–90. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ^ "Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 1899". Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ "Constitutional provisions relating to Eighth Schedule" (PDF). www.mha.gov.in. Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India. Retrieved 5 January 2024.