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A ventifact (also wind-faceted stone, windkanter[1]) is a rock that has been abraded, pitted, etched, grooved, or polished by wind-driven sand or ice crystals.[2] The word “Ventifact” is derived from the Latin word “Ventus” meaning ‘wind’. These geomorphic features are most typically found in arid environments where there is little vegetation to interfere with aeolian particle transport, where there are frequently strong winds, and where there is a steady but not overwhelming supply of sand.
Ventifacts can be abraded to eye-catching natural sculptures such as the main features of the White Desert National Park near Farafra Oasis in Egypt. In moderately tall, isolated rock outcrops, mushroom shaped pillars of rock may form as the outcrop is eroded by saltating sand grains. This occurs because, even in strong winds, sand grains can't be continuously held in the air. Instead, the particles bounce along the ground, rarely reaching higher than a few feet above the Earth. Over time, the bouncing sand grains can erode the lower portions of a ventifact, while leaving a larger less eroded cap. The resulting forms thus frequently resemble fantastical stone mushrooms.
Individual stones, such as those forming desert pavement, are often found with grooved, etched, or polished surfaces where these same wind-driven processes have slowly worn away the rock.
Ventifacts are typically of three types -
- Einkanters having one polished side (excluding the bottom part) (German word ‘ein’ means ‘one’)
- Zweinkanters having two polished sides (excluding the bottom part)(German word ‘zwei’ means ‘two’)
- Dreinkanters having three polished surface (excluding the polished surface at bottom) those meet up at sharp angles(German word ‘drei’ means ‘three’)[3]
When ancient ventifacts are preserved without being moved or disturbed, they may serve as a paleo-wind indicators. The wind direction at the time the ventifact formed will be parallel to grooves or striations cut into the rock.
Ventifacts have also been discovered on Mars, where such sharp immobile rocks have caused significant damage to the wheels of the Curiosity rover.[4] An example of a Martian ventifact was named Jake Matijevic. By analyzing its shape, it was possible to reconstruct the main wind direction which sculpted the rock.[5]
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Schist boulder pitted by sand blast near Palm Springs Station, Colorado Desert. Riverside County, California (Mendenhall, 1905) -
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Ventifact at Ventifact Ridge in Death Valley (Mayer, 2003) -
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See also
edit- Arkenu structures – pair of geological features in Libya
- Blowout (geomorphology) – Depressions in a sand dune ecosystem caused by the removal of sediments by wind
- Dune – Hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes or the flow of water
- Yardang – Streamlined aeolian landform
- Ventifact Knobs – Geographic feature in Antarctica, Antarctica
References
edit- ^ Klaus K. E. Neuendorf, Glossary of Geology, p. 723
- ^ Laity, Julie E. (2009). "19. Landforms, landscapes, and processes of aeolian erosion". In Parsons, Anthony J.; Abrahams, Athol D. (eds.). Geomorphology of desert environments (2nd. ed.). [Dordrecht]: Springer. pp. 597–628. ISBN 978-1402057199.
- ^ Livingstone, Ian; Warren, Andrew (1996). Aeolian geomorphology: an introduction. Harlow: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-08704-0.
- ^ NASA, Premature Wear of the MSL Wheels, 2017-09-26
- ^ Patrick Zasada (2013) Entstehung des Mars-Gesteins "Jake Matijevic". Sternzeit, issue 2/2013: pp. 98–101. (German language).
External links
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