Veronica serpyllifolia, the thyme-leaved speedwell[1] or thymeleaf speedwell,[2] is a perennial flowering plant in the plantain family. The species as a whole is native mostly to Eurasia & North America, and has three variants with their individual ranges; var. serpyllifolia has particularly spread beyond its native range.
| Veronica serpyllifolia | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Plantaginaceae |
| Genus: | Veronica |
| Species: | V. serpyllifolia
|
| Binomial name | |
| Veronica serpyllifolia | |
Description
editVeronica serpyllifolia L. initially grows low to the ground then will start to grow upright. The flowers are small, white, and have dark purple marks on their petals. The leaves are oval, borne on creeping stems. Roots grow from leaf axils. The prostrate stems bear erect flowering branches up to 20 cm high. The leaves are opposite on short stalks. The flowers are in racemes with a corolla 6 mm wide.[3] The first leaves of the seedling have no petiole, are hairless, and have a smooth margin. Their stems grow from nodes on the rhizomes, allowing it to grow in thick mats close to the ground. The lower leaves are oval and have smooth margins. The upper leaves are oval shaped but smaller than the lower leaves. The lower leaves have relatively short stalks, while the higher or upper leaves are stalkless (lack petioles).[4] Flowers have four petals and grow from the leaf axils.[5] The fruits are capsules. The capsules are obcordate or heart shaped, mostly flattened and have a pubescent outer layer with a notched tip. Veronica serpyllifolia capsules are approximately 2.5-3.5 mm long.[4] Once the capsules are mature, they open to release many small seeds. Their root systems are both fibrous and rhizomatous.[6] The fruit is lined with hairs and the seeds on the inside of the capsule are also flattened. This plant can be hard to spot as it is relatively small and grows in patches which can be covered by grass. They are more noticeable when they bloom.[7] Veronica serpyllifolia reproduces either by dropping its seeds or by rooting stems.[4]
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Distribution
editVeronica serpyllifolia L. var. serpyllifolia, commonly known as thyme-leaved speedwell, is native mostly to Eurasia and is introduced to North America and New Zealand.[citation needed] As of 2010, it is known to occur in 37 of the US states and is considered a weed in North America. It frequently occurs in open grass lands and cultivated areas on lighter soils.[8] It grows in full sunlight, tolerates partial shade, and thrives in a moist environment during the spring .[6] They can grow in elevations up to 3300 m.[9]
Ecology
editPollinators of V. serpyllifolia include flies and bees that visit the flowers for nectar. The seeds can be dispersed by attaching onto the wings of birds or the fur of some animals. Veronica serpyllifolia seeds were found in cattle dung, thus cattle or other grazers are likely important dispersers of the plant.[10]
Weed control
editVeronica serpyllifolia grows in patches and is commonly recognized as a weed of turf grass. Ways to remove V. serpyllifolia from lawns are by mowing and watering and fertilizing lawns properly, this hinders the weeds ability to compete.[6] The use of herbicide is recommended for the complete removal of this species from a yard or a lawn. Picking the weed and pulling the roots out can work but this risks the further dispersal of seeds on the lawn.[5] One study showed that wiping herbicides onto the plant rather than spraying it helps to better remove of the species. It stated that wiping method worked better and the spray on method caused harm to other grasses surrounding the weeds.[11]
Synonyms
editSynonyms of Veronica serpyllifolia include: Veronicastrum serpyllifolium (L.) Fourr. and Veronica serpyllifolia L. var. nummularioides Lecoq & Lamotte.[12]
Wetland plant status
editVeronica serpyllifolia is able to grow in both jurisdictional wetlands and non-wetlands.[13] According the wetland plant classification system in the United States, V. serpyllifolia is classified as a facultative (FAC) to obligate (OBL) wetland plant.[14]
Further reading
edit- Fermanagh Species Account - Biological account from Farmanagh, Ireland
- Native Plant Identification Network
References
edit- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ "Thymeleaf speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia)". UC IPM. Retrieved 2019-04-25.
- ^ Parnell, John A. N.; Cullen, Elaine L.; Webb, D. A.; Curtis, Tom (2011). Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork: Cork University Press. ISBN 978-1-909005-08-2. OCLC 830022856.
- ^ a b c "Weed Gallery: Thymeleaf speedwell". ipm.ucanr.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- ^ a b "Lawn and Turfgrass Weeds: Thyme-leaf Speedwell". Penn State Extension. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
- ^ a b c "Thyme-Leaved Speedwell (Veronica serpyllifolia)". www.illinoiswildflowers.info. Retrieved 2021-11-16.
- ^ "Veronica serpyllifolia (Thyme-leaf Speedwell): Minnesota Wildflowers". www.minnesotawildflowers.info. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ^ "Anthecology of Veronica serpyllifolia subsp. serpyllifolia (Plantaginaceae) in Moscow region". Растительный Мир Азиатской России Растительный мир Азиатской России (4). 2017. doi:10.21782/rmar1995-2449-2017-4(42-46). ISSN 1995-2449.
- ^ "Veronica serpyllifolia - FNA". beta.floranorthamerica.org. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
- ^ Welch, D. (August 1985). "Studies in the Grazing of Heather Moorland In North-East Scotland. IV. Seed Dispersal and Plant Establishment in Dung". The Journal of Applied Ecology. 22 (2): 461–472. Bibcode:1985JApEc..22..461W. doi:10.2307/2403178. ISSN 0021-8901. JSTOR 2403178.
- ^ Harrington, K. C.; Hood, M. Z.; McKinnon, K. C. (2000-08-01). "Assessment of two herbicide wiping devices". New Zealand Plant Protection. 53: 273–276. doi:10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3707. ISSN 1179-352X.
- ^ NRCS. "Veronica serpyllifolia". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2021-11-16.
- ^ "Veronica serpyllifolia ssp. humifusa Calflora". www.calflora.org. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
- ^ "NWPL Home v3.4-f9c". cwbi-app.sec.usace.army.mil. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
