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Viña del Mar (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbiɲa ðel ˈmaɾ]; meaning "Vineyard of the Sea") is a city and commune on central Chile's Pacific coast. Often referred to as La Ciudad Jardín ("The Garden City"), Viña del Mar is located within the Valparaíso Region, and it is Chile's fourth largest city with a population of 324,836 (according to the 2008 census). Viña del Mar is also part of the Greater Valparaíso area, the country's second largest metropolitan area (pop. 935,602, 2017 census), after the Metropolitan area of Santiago. The Greater Valparaíso Area is home to five municipalities: Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Concon, Quilpue and Villa Alemana.[5]
Viña del Mar | |
|---|---|
Coastline of Viña del Mar | |
 Flag  Coat of arms    Viña del Mar Location in Chile | |
| Nickname(s): La Ciudad Jardín ("the Garden City") La Perla del Pacífico ("the Pearl of the Pacific") | |
| Coordinates (city): 33°01′28″S 71°33′06″W / 33.02444°S 71.55167°W | |
| Country |  Chile |
| Region |  Valparaíso |
| Province | Valparaíso |
| Viña del Mar | May 31, 1898 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipality |
| • Mayor | Macarena Ripamonti (FA) |
| Area | |
| • City and Commune | 121.6 km2 (47.0 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 2 m (7 ft) |
| Population (2017 Census)[2] | |
| • City and Commune | 334,248 |
| • Density | 2,700/km2 (7,100/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 951,311 |
| • Urban | 334,248 |
| • Rural | 0 |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (CLT[3]) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−3 (CLST[4]) |
| Area code | +56 32 |
| Website | Municipality of Viña del Mar |
History
editOrigins
edit
The valley where Viña del Mar was founded was known as the valley of Peuco by the Changos, native inhabitants of the area dedicated to fishing. [citation needed] With the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores the valley was divided into two large haciendas. North of the Marga Marga creek up to the current location of Reñaca, Viña del Mar, and to the south up to the current Cerro Barón (Baron Hill), the Hacienda Las Siete Hermanas (The Seven Sisters).
Francisco Javier Alvares authorized the construction of a railroad through his lands to join Santiago and the port of Valparaíso. The arrival of the railroad brought a young engineer Jose Francisco Vergara who married Francisco Javier Alvares's granddaughter, Mercedes Alvares. It was José Francisco Vergara who instigated the idea of the creation of a new city independent of Valparaíso. [citation needed]
Arrival of the railroad and founding
edit
The establishment of Refinadora de Azúcar de Viña del Mar (Sugar Refining Company), CRAV in 1873 and the foundation of the Lever, Murphy & Co. by the British Richard Lever and William Murphy in 1883, that gave the necessary economic impulse to transform the young city into one of the most important cities of Chile. The building of a military installation, Regimiento Coraceros in 1917, naval facilities in Las Salinas, and the housing of military and naval personnel furthered the city's growth. That year, also, a seaside villa was rebuilt as what is known today as Wulff Castle.[6]
In 1925, the Teatro Municipal was opened in its current location in the eastern front of the city's downtown square, Plaza de Viña del Mar. In 1928 president Carlos Ibáñez del Campo authorized the creation of a casino, securing the future and the touristy character of the city. The Casino Municipal de Viña del Mar was opened on December 31, 1930.[7] On January 31, 1931, the Presidential Palace was inaugurated in Cerro Castillo (Castle Hill) as a summer residence for the Chilean President. The touristy character of the city was furthered with the inauguration of the O'Higgins Hotel in 1936 and the inauguration of the Miramar Hotel by Caleta Abarca Beach in 1945. For a few years in the early 1960s, a trolleybus line connected the city with Valparaíso, and the electric route network included three branches within Viña.[8]
Viña del Mar was one of the four host cities of the 1962 football (soccer) World Cup. It is now home to CD Everton, a soccer team in the Chilean Premier division, which took its name from the English team.
According to the 1982 movie, Missing and other sources, Vina Del Mar was focal point for the plotters of the 1973 Chilean coup d'état.[9]
Viña del Mar was declared a sister city of Sausalito, California (a city north of San Francisco), in 1971. To demonstrate the sister city relationship, you can find a square (plaza) called "Viña del Mar" in downtown Sausalito, and a "Sausalito" stadium and "Sausalito" lagoon in Viña del Mar. Viña del Mar is also a sister city of Mar del Plata, Argentina since 1993. [citation needed]
During the 1980s, a global economic downturn seriously affected the city, a number of small and medium-sized factories went bankrupt, including the stationery manufacturer Coda, and most importantly, CRAV, and Textiles Viña, two of the biggest employers in the city. Unemployment rose to alarmingly high rates. Many factories started to consolidate their operations in Santiago making the situation even worse. The city has failed to fully recover from the blows inflicted by the economic downturn of 1982, but an increase in the number of international tourists visiting the city, and the recent high prices of copper in world markets have promoted an economic recovery. [citation needed]
Extensive commercial redevelopment in the 15 Norte Avenue area, previously an abandoned industrial area, has seen most of the large Chilean retail chains settling in the area, which is now covered with large shopping malls, like Marina Arauco, cinemas, fast food stores, and supermarkets.
The city has benefitted from major investments in infrastructure that have greatly improved the traffic flow in the downtown area,[citation needed] especially in routes connecting Viña del Mar with Santiago, Valparaíso and Quilpué. A modern and efficient subway Valparaíso Metro connects Viña del Mar with the cities of Limache and Valparaíso, following the original railroad tracks between Valparaíso and Santiago.
The city was affected by the February 27, 2010 earthquake.[10]
City landmarks
editVisitors and locals enjoy the parks and water fountains of the city, including a large flower clock (Reloj de Flores) with its numbers made up of flowering plants, near Caleta Abarca beach. The Valparaiso Sporting Club horse racing track is another major landmark. Jardín Botánico or Parque del Salitre, a large botanical garden on the outskirts of the city, was originally designed and built by an entrepreneur who became wealthy from exploiting saltpeter resources in northern Chile.
A few buildings from the 19th century still remain after multiple earthquakes that have destroyed most of the old areas of the city. Most of the older buildings that remain are located along Avenida Libertad (Liberty Avenue), Quillota Street and Quinta Vergara, a large park in the middle of the city. The presidential summer residence, Palacio Presidencial (Presidential Palace) is located on Cerro Castillo[11] (Castle Hill).
The city's casino was designed in art deco style and is surrounded by well-tended gardens (hence the city's nickname). In 2004, a hotel (Hotel del Mar) was added to the 1931s building, resembling the architectural features of the original building.
Palacio Rioja, a mansion built by Fernando Rioja in 1907, located on Quillota Street, houses an environmental museum. The Fonck Museum, located in Cuatro Norte Street, has a large exhibition of pre-Columbian articles, and a large moai (Easter Island statue made of volcanic rock), the only one in mainland Chile, is also on display. Palacio Carrasco, built by Emilio Carrasco in 1912, now houses the Municipal Library and also is used for arts exhibitions. The building is also surrounded by nice gardens adorned with fine sculptures including a Rodin. Palacio Vergara located in Quinta Vergara was built by Blanca Vergara (daughter of José Francisco) in 1906 and it is now owned by the municipality. It currently houses the School of Fine Arts and has produced important Chilean artists like the painter Giancarlo Bertini.
Brunet Castle (also known as "Castillo Yarur") was built in 1923 by Adolfo Brunet on Cerro Castillo, close to the presidential mansion. Currently it is owned by Carabineros de Chile (Chilean police) and is used as a reception center for important visitors. It was declared a national monument in 2005.
Palacio Carrasco and its surrounding park, located on Liberty Avenue #250, between 3 and 4 Norte, was completed in 1923. For years it was a private residence until it moved to the Municipality of Viña del Mar. After moving it to its current location in Arlegui street, the Palacio Carrasco became a Library Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, public library of the commune, while working as center for events, art exhibitions, and cultural workshops. It is very important to stress that the building is totally unsuitable for use as a public library and the community needs a new building for this purpose. Outside the entrance to the Palacio Carrasco there is a sculpture by Auguste Rodin called "La Defensa." It was declared a national historic monument on September 8, 1986 under Supreme Decree No. 791.
Castillo Wulff, is an iconic building of the commune of neo-Tudor style, built in 1906. Strategically located in the coastal border between the mouth of Marga Marga and Caleta Abarca (Avenida Marina N° 37). It was built by Don Gustavo Wulff Mowle (1862–1946) a businessman and philanthropist of Valparaíso. The building was designed in two floors connected to a torreón through a medieval-style bridge. In 1995 it was declared a national monument, but today houses the offices of the headquarters of the Heritage Unit of the Municipality of Viña del Mar. It is also the location of the distinguished Castillo del Mar (Club Árabe, a seafood restaurant).
-
Panoramic view of Reñaca, Viña del Mar -
Beach in Viña Del Mar -
Reñaca -
Palacio Carrasco -
Quinta Vergara -
Beach near Reñaca -
Beach near Reñaca -
Beach near Reñaca
Culture
edit
Numerous bars and restaurants have recently opened in the area around Plaza México and Avenida San Martín, offering Chilean and international cuisine. Seafood restaurants are located on the Camino Costero (Coast Roadway) that joins Viña del Mar and Concón, a coastal town to the north.
The Yacht Club de Chile is a yacht club located in Caleta Higuerillas. This club was established in Viña del Mar in 1955, though it is now part of the Concón municipality.
The VTR Open was a professional men's tennis tournament played yearly on outdoor red clay courts at the Club Naval de Campo Las Salinas.
The Viña del Mar International Film Festival is considered among the most important film festivals in Chile and Latin America. [citation needed]
Another important event is the Viña del Mar International Song Festival, held at the amphitheater located in the Quinta Vergara, one of the largest green areas of the city. The amphitheater of the Quinta Vergara was built in the 1960s. [citation needed]
There is also the Palacio Vergara, home to Viña's fine arts museum.
The Municipal Theatre of Viña del Mar, located in front of Plaza de Viña, is a center of cultural and artistic events of first importance in Chile. In the neighboring block is also the traditional and elegant Club de Viña, with its classical facade.
The Museum of Naval Canons is an outdoor museum, located on the road Jorge Montt (connecting Viña del Mar with the beaches of Las Salinas and Reñaca), whose beach exhibits several pieces of artillery in front of the facilities of the Chilean Navy.
The Fonk Museum founded in 1937, is a varied and complete museum that shows objects from native villages from cultures such as Rapanui, atacameños, Diaguitas and Mapuches, in addition to a wide collection of Peruvian pre-Columbian jars. In the area of natural sciences there is a sample of arthropods and animals of different zones of the country.
Climate
editViña del Mar has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate influenced on the coast by the Humboldt Current. As in any Mediterranean climate, the city experiences a dry, warm summer but temperatures rarely exceed 30 °C (86 °F) due to the influence of the maritime current offshore. Summer nights are cool with temperatures around 16 °C (61 °F). Winters are damp and cool with daily high temperatures ranging from 13 to 17 °C (55 to 63 °F) and from 5 to 9 °C (41 to 48 °F) at night, rarely falling below freezing. Spring and autumn can vary from mild to cool. The rain falls mainly in autumn and winter, with July being the rainiest (107 mm). The average annual rainfall totals 480 mm.
| Climate data for Viña del Mar (Rodelillo Airfield) 1992–2021, extremes 1970–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 34.7 (94.5) |
35.1 (95.2) |
33.1 (91.6) |
35.9 (96.6) |
35.3 (95.5) |
29.3 (84.7) |
31.6 (88.9) |
32.4 (90.3) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.4 (90.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
35.4 (95.7) |
35.9 (96.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.0 (71.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
17.3 (63.1) |
15.5 (59.9) |
15.0 (59.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
19.2 (66.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.9 (64.2) |
17.4 (63.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
15.1 (59.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
11.6 (52.9) |
11.0 (51.8) |
11.4 (52.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
15.3 (59.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.4 (54.3) |
12.3 (54.1) |
11.7 (53.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
9.1 (48.4) |
7.9 (46.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
7.2 (45.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
8.6 (47.5) |
9.8 (49.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
9.6 (49.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 7.4 (45.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
2.3 (36.1) |
3.0 (37.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
0.1 (32.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
1.1 (34.0) |
2.4 (36.3) |
1.6 (34.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.7 (0.03) |
1.1 (0.04) |
3.9 (0.15) |
20.4 (0.80) |
96.0 (3.78) |
161.7 (6.37) |
89.3 (3.52) |
88.7 (3.49) |
37.9 (1.49) |
15.5 (0.61) |
5.0 (0.20) |
3.7 (0.15) |
523.9 (20.63) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 26.7 |
| Source 1: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile[12][13] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (precipitation days 1991–2020)[14] | |||||||||||||
Education
editSeveral higher education institutions, both public and private, are located in Viña del Mar. Some of them are:
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso with its Architecture (Recreo), Arts (Miraflores), Philosophy and Education (Sausalito) and History (Alvarez Avenue) campus
- Universidad de Valparaíso has Business and Administration, Marine Sciences and Engineering faculties
- Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María located in the limit between Valparaiso and Viña del Mar (España avenue).
- Universidad de Viña del Mar located in Rodelillo.
- Universidad Andrés Bello
- Universidad de las Américas
- Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez
The Chilean Navy also operates several technical schools and a planetarium in Las Salinas at the northwest edge of the city.[15]
International schools in Viña del Mar:
- Scuola Italiana Arturo Dell' Oro
- Deutsche Schule Valparaíso, a german school.
- The Mackay School, male only english school of scottish origins.
Demographics
editAccording to the 2017 census of the National Statistics Institute, Viña del Mar had 334,248 inhabitants (158,669 men and 175,579 women), making the commune an entirely urban area. The population grew by 16.49% (47,317 persons) between the 2002 and 2017 censuses. Viña del Mar accounts for 18.41% of the regional population.[2]
Notable residents
edit
The city is the birthplace of Mon Laferte, singer, songwriter, painter (4 Latin Grammys) and visual artist, Alberto Hurtado, the second Chilean Catholic saint and founder of the Hogar de Cristo (Home of Christ) foundation, writer María Luisa Bombal (author of La Ultima Niebla (The Last Fog)), former Chilean president Patricio Aylwin, Environment minister María Ignacia Benítez, handball player Marco Oneto, Olympic champion tennis player Nicolás Massú, world champion boxer Patricia Demick, Slayer vocalist/bassist Tom Araya, composer Sylvia Soublette, and the sculptor and performance artist Tamara Jacquin.
It was also the home of Philips CEO and wealthy businessman Cor Dillen, as well as Australian fashion model, actress and television presenter Pia Miller (formerly Loyola). Footballer, George Robledo of Newcastle United and Colo-Colo, was a long-term resident of the town.
Administration
editAs a municipality, Viña del Mar is a third-level administrative division of Chile governed by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde (mayor) who is elected every four years. Broad Front politician Macarena Ripamonti is the 2021-2024 mayor of Viña del Mar, while the communal council has the following members:
Economy
editViña del Mar, along with the rest of the coastal municipalities of Greater Valparaíso, is part of the tourist area of the country, which has resulted in large dividends paid by this industry each year to the community. Viña del Mar has a wide range of hotels and has upgraded its infrastructure to improve its tourist appeal.
An important place is the Casino de Viña del Mar, which opened in 1930 and for years was one of the few casinos in Chile. The casino also houses the Hotel del Mar. With the introduction of the Gambling Casinos Act, which resulted in increased competition, viñamarino enclosure has suffered great economic losses, thus affecting the municipal coffers.
The industrial district of Viña del Mar is called El Salto. It is located in the place where the Estero Marga Marga Delta begins to appear. They give access to the metro and the South Trunk Highway.
Viña del Mar has the largest number of businesses in the city of Valparaíso, which, along with other areas of Santiago, is becoming a favorite for business to establish investment locations. Forbes also considered one of the most exclusive resorts in Latin America, the level of Punta del Este in Uruguay, Pucón in southern Chile and Mar del Plata in Argentina.
Currently performed one of the most important events in Hispanic America haute couture, together with those of Buenos Aires, Santiago, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro.
Transport
edit
The route used to get from Santiago to Vina del Mar is the Route CH-68 or Pacific Highway, which connects the capital to the city of Valparaíso.
The main routes connecting the city with other municipalities of Gran Valparaíso are:
- Avenida España, which connects Valparaíso with Viña.
- The Troncal and Troncal Norte Roads, link Viña with Quilpué and Villa Alemana.
- The Borgoño and Edmundo Eluchans avenues linking Reñaca Viña and Concon with the commune.
- The Way International and Southern Trunk Highway, allowing quick connection to and from the towns of the interior.
The busiest avenues of Viña del Mar, and virtually the entire Gran Valparaíso, are the main arteries in the community plan and the Población Vergara: Avenida San Martín, Avenida Libertad Quillota street, Viana-Alvares Avenue, Avenida 1 Norte, Avenida Benidorm (former Av. 15 Norte), Avenida Agua Santa, Avenida La Marina, Avenida Borgoño and Av. Jorge Montt (Las Salinas Rect). This because they absorb all the traffic of workers and students moving from other municipalities to their work and study sites located in the plan from Valparaíso.
Public transport
editAs of January 6, 2007 has been implemented Metropolitan Transportation Plan Greater Valparaíso which allows the communes of Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Concon, Quilpué and Villa Alemana have an organized transportation system, which has the preferably provide order, security to users. And over all, speed of travel, for which the same routes of the previous system are made, but in an orderly manner, through the implementation of a GPS system, enabling the companies concerned to each business unit overseeing the entire course, speed and low frequency.
The Valparaíso Metro (formerly called "Merval") is the commuter rail system serving the urban conglomeration of Gran Valparaíso; it consists of one line, 43 kilometres (27 mi) long, serving 20 stations,[16] that connects Viña del Mar with the neighboring cities of Valparaíso, Quilpué, Villa Alemana and Limache.[16] It passes through Viña del Mar in a 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) underground stretch (from Miramar through Chorrillos stations) opened in 2005, after major upgrade works on the line.[17]
Sports
editThe development of sports in the city began with the founding of Valparaiso Sporting Club, also known as Sporting, in 1882. The club hosts multiple sports, but since its inception, it has mostly identified with horseback riding. Since 1885, Sporting has hosted the horse race known as The Derby,[18] one of the most classic races of Chilean equestrianism, being part of the national Triple Crown. Its facilities have also hosted clubs of cricket, soccer, golf, tennis – and if we include the nearby Viña del Mar Lawn Tennis Club, rugby, paper chase, and polo. Valparaiso Sporting Club also held the first international football match played in Chile, in which the country's national team faced their Argentinean counterpart. Sporting also was the only venue for the South American Championship in 1920.[19]
Each summer, The Mackay School hosts two Rugby sevens tournaments, one for youth and one for adults (usually lasting two or three days), with participating teams coming from Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay.
Everton de Viña del Mar represents the city in football tournaments at the national level. The club was founded in 1909 on Alegre Hill in Valparaíso,[20] and later moved to Viña del Mar in the 1940s. Everton owns 4 First Division national titles and plays home games at Sausalito Stadium, which hosted 1962 FIFA World Cup,[21] Copa America 1991, and Copa America 2015 matches. The first team created in the city independent of the clubs of Valparaiso was the Sporting Club de Viña which is said to have played and tied the first international soccer match in Chile.
International relations
editViña del Mar cooperates with:[22][23]
Rosario, Argentina
Asunción, Paraguay
Panama City, Panama
San José, Costa Rica
Guayaquil, Ecuador
References
edit- ^ "Municipality of Viña del Mar" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ a b c "Reportes Estadísticos Comunales". Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile (Type Viña del Mar in the Buscar comuna box.) (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 October 2024.
- ^ "Chile Time". WorldTimeZones.org. Archived from the original on September 11, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ^ "Chile Summer Time". WorldTimeZones.org. Archived from the original on September 11, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ^ Chile: Ciudades, Pueblos, Aldeas y Caseríos 2005 Archived 17 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas – June 2005.
- ^ http://www.patrimoniovina.cl/index.php?ir=pags/det_nuestracasa.php Archived 31 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine paragraphs under Historia. Spanish only
- ^ Hurtado, Julio; Larreta, Alfredo (2013). Crónicas históricas de Viña del Mar: Memorias de una Ciudad Joven. Santiago de Chile: RIL editores. p. 150. ISBN 978-956-284-985-2.
- ^ The Trolleybuses of Valparaíso, Chile Archived 12 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine (detailed history). Allen Morrison. 2006. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
- ^ "www.cfnews13.com". cfnews13.com.
- ^ (in French) Easy Voyage, "Le Chili 5 jours après le séisme" Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, March 4, 2010 (accessed March 4, 2010)
- ^ "Palacio Presidencial - Patrimonio | Sitio Patrimonial de Viña del Mar". Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ "Datos Normales y Promedios Históricos Promedios de 30 años o menos" (in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ "Temperatura Histórica de la Estación Rodelillo, Ad. (330007)" (in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ "Rodelillo Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ "Academia Politécnica Naval – Campus Hyatt". Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ^ a b "XIX Memoria Anual 2013" [2013 Annual Report] (PDF) (in Spanish). Metro Valparaíso S.A. p. 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
- ^ "Conócenos › Historia › El Servicio Ferroviario del siglo XXI" [About Us › History › The Railway Service of the 21st century] (in Spanish). Metro Valparaíso. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
- ^ "Historia del Derby - El Derby de Chile". www.elderbydechile.cl (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
- ^ "Southamerican Championship 1920". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
- ^ "Historia". Everton de Viña del Mar (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
- ^ FIFA.com. "FIFA World Cup Archive". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
- ^ "Viña del Mar Convention Bureau establece alianza estratégica con 6 ciudades de latinoamérica para recuperar mercados". www.vinadelmarchile.cl. Retrieved 31 March 2022.[dead link]
- ^ "Latin Destination CVB Alliance. Seis Ciudades Turísticas de América Se Unen Para Potenciar Su Mercadeo Mice". www.vdmcb.cl. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
External links
edit
- (in Spanish) Municipality of Viña del Mar
- (in Spanish) Viña del Mar commercial guide