Wikipedia

Gang war in Haiti

(Redirected from Viv Ansanm)

Since 2020, Haiti's capital Port-au-Prince has been the site of an ongoing gang war. The government of Haiti and Haitian security forces have struggled to maintain their control of Port-au-Prince amid this conflict,[1] with gangs reportedly controlling up to 90% of the city by 2023.[25] In response to the escalating gang fighting, an armed vigilante movement, known as bwa kale, also emerged, with the purpose of fighting the gangs.[1][26] On 2 October 2023, United Nations Security Council Resolution 2699 was approved, authorizing a Kenya-led "multinational security support mission" to Haiti.[27] Until 2024, the war was between two major groups and their allies: the Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and Allies (FRG9 or G9) and the G-Pep.[28][1][29] However, in February 2024 the two rival gangs formed a coalition opposing the government and the UN mission.[30][31]

Gang war in Haiti
Part of crime in Haiti and the Haitian crisis (2018–present)

Clashes between 2023–2024
  Areas of gang activity
Date24 May 2020 – present[10]
(4 years, 5 months, 3 weeks and 2 days)
Location
Haiti
Status

Ongoing

Belligerents

Major gangs:

Protesters, self-defense groups, and other armed factions

 Haitian security forces

MSSMH

Support:
 United States[5][6][7]
 Canada[8][9]
Commanders and leaders
Jimmy Chérizier
Ti Greg †
Gabriel Jean-Pierre
Vitel'Homme Innocent		 Guy Philippe[16]
Jeantel Joseph[2]		 Jovenel Moïse X
Ariel Henry
Garry Conille
Frantz Elbé[17]
Rameau Normil[17]
Jodel Lesage[18]
Derby Guerrier[19]
Strength
~12,000 gang members[20]
  • Bwa Kale Unknown
  • ~6,000 BSAP members[21]
  • ~9,000 Haitian police officers[22]
  • ~1,500 Haitian soldiers[23]
  • 600 Kenyan police officers[3][24]
  • 24 Jamaican security personnel[4]

    • In March 2024, gang violence spread throughout Port-au-Prince with the goal of obtaining the resignation of unelected acting prime minister Ariel Henry, leading to the storming of two prisons and the release of thousands of prisoners. These attacks and subsequent attacks on various government institutions led the Haitian government to declare a state of emergency and impose a curfew.[32] Henry ultimately resigned and was replaced by Garry Conille.[33]

    Background

    edit
    Further information: Haitian crisis (2018–present)
     
    The widespread activity of non-state armed groups in Haiti dates back to the Duvalier dynasty (François Duvalier pictured in 1963).

    Since the 1950s, non-state armed groups have been firmly established in Haiti. This process began with the establishment of the Tonton Macoute paramilitaries by the dictatorship led by president François Duvalier, used to violently suppress dissidents.[34][28] After the dictatorship ended with the removal of president Jean-Claude Duvalier (François' son) from power in 1986, non-state violence continued. The Tonton Macoute were disbanded, but never disarmed and thus reorganized as far-right vigilantes. Haitian political actors continued to employ armed groups to defend their interests, manipulate elections and suppress public unrest. In 1994, President Jean-Bertrand Aristide outlawed pro-Duvalier armed groups and disbanded the Haitian Army, but that did not solve the issue, as again, there was no disarmament. Thus, ex-soldiers and ex-militiamen further swelled the ranks of unofficial militant factions. From 1994 to 2004, a de facto anti-Arisitide insurgency took place in Port-au-Prince, as ex-soldiers attacked the government.[34] In response to the chaos, youth set up self-defense groups, called chimères,[28] which were supported by the police and the government to shore up its position. Receiving de facto state support from Aristide's Fanmi Lavalas party, the youth gangs took control of entire communes and became increasingly independent-minded.[35] U.S. diplomat Daniel Lewis Foote argued, "Aristide started [the gangs] on purpose in the early 1980s, as a voice, as a way to get some power [for ordinary Haitians], [...] and they morphed over the years."[36]

    After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, younger and more ruthless gangs overcame the dominance of older more politically-aligned gangs. The armed youth groups grew increasingly powerful.[37] The earthquake also resulted in the mass breakout of criminals from damaged prisons in Haiti.[36] According to Sabine Lamour, the protection of politicians accused of rape and abuse during Michel Martelly's administration (2011-2016) was a mirror of the culture of toxic masculinity and misogyny in the street gangs, whose members embodied the "Legal Bandit" he celebrated in his 2008 album Bandi Légal.[38] The MINUSTAH, a United Nations peacekeeping operation in Haiti started after the end of the 2004 coup d'état, failed to contain the unrest and committed abuses of its own.[36] Since the end of the MINUSTAH in October 2017, there has been an increase in the amount of gang-related violence, as well as an increase in the amount of gang-related violence against civilians, notably the 2018 Port-au-Prince massacre, in which 25 civilians were killed.[39][40] From 2017 to 2021, Haiti's political leadership became embroiled in a crisis, and the Haitian Parliament entered a deadlock, public administration gradually ceased to operate by a lack of funding, and the judicial system effectively fell apart.[41] Scheduled elections were repeatedly postponed. The economy of Haiti suffered under the repeated natural disasters and the growing unrest, which further contributed to the crisis.[42] The Vox journalist Ellen Ioanes summarized that "Haiti has faced serious and compounding crises, including a devastating 2010 earthquake, floods, cholera outbreaks, hurricanes, and corrupt, dictatorial, and incompetent leaders".[36] Gangs stepped into the power vacuum, seizing political power through co-operative politicians and economic control through protection rackets, kidnappings and murders.[41]

    Known gangs

    edit

    By 2022, researchers estimated that about 200 gangs operated across Haiti. Of these, half were located in Port-au-Prince. The more influential gangs control large swathes of territory, including entire municipalities and communes.[37]

    • "G9 alliance",[43] officially Fòs Revolisyonè G9 an Fanmi e Alye (Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and allies):[44] It was founded and is led by Jimmy Chérizier, nicknamed Barbecue, an ex-police officer.[44][45] G9 is based in the capital's communes of Delmas, Pétion-Ville and parts of Carrefour. The G9 alliance includes many former soldiers and policemen in its ranks and was long connected to the PHTK party until distancing itself after Ariel Henry became president. The G9 now describes itself as a revolutionary organization,[46] and has begun to create a nation-wide alliance network dubbed "G20".[45]
      • Delmas 6 Gang: Personal gang of Chérizier, overall head of G9.[45] The gang was already operating while Chérizier was still an active police officer, signifying the gang's strong links to the Haitian security forces.[28]
      • "Baz Pilate": One of the capital's most important gangs, mainly consisting of ex-SWAT elite police.[47]
      • Baz Krache Dife[45]
      • Nan Ti Bwa[45]
      • Simon Pelé's gang[45]
      • Baz Nan Chabon, Waf Jérémie[45]
      • Nan Boston,[45] also called "Boston gang"[48]
      • Belekou gang[45][48]
    • "G-Pep": This gang alliance was formed in direct response to G9. It was organized by the Nan Brooklyn gang and its head Jean Pierre Gabriel (alias "Ti Gabriel"). The G-Pep is believed to be connected to Haitian opposition parties and/or "a well-known Haitian businessman". It is centered on Port-au-Prince's Cité Soleil.[47]
      • Nan Brooklyn gang,[47] also called "Brooklyn gang"[48]
      • "400 Mawozo": The largest gang in Haiti, mainly based in Croix-des-Bouquets, Ganthier and in Port-au-Prince's Tabarre and Pétion-Ville. It has branches in Gros-Morne and the Dominican Republic and has a waiting list for aspiring members. It largely consists of deportees, former leaders of opposition groups, former smugglers and police officers. In 2022, it aligned itself with "G-Pep" after its leader was extradited to the United States from a Haitian prison on gun smuggling charges.[49] It came to international attention due to the kidnapping of 17 U.S. missionaries, but has also been involved in extortion rackets, road hijackings, smuggling contraband, and the traffic of arms, drugs, and people along the border with the Dominican Republic.[50]
    • "Grand Ravine" and "5 Second": Two youth gangs based in Port-au-Prince's Martissant; mainly consists of vigilantes and "popular organizations" previously connected to Fanmi Lavalas.[47]
    • "Baz Galil": Based outside the capital, it mainly consists of deportees from the United States and is closely connected to the PHTK, various government agencies and other gangs.[43]
    • "Titanyen gang": Operates in Cabaret.[48]
    • "Base 5 Secondes": Operates in Village de Dieu.[51]
    • "Canaan gang": Operates in Cabaret.[48]

    Sexual violence

    edit

    In December 2023, the US sanctioned four gang leaders, one of whom, Johnson André, leads the 5 Segond gang, which the US Treasury Department identified as being responsible for over 1,000 cases of sexual violence in 2022.[52] Rape, which only became a criminal offense in Haiti in 2005, is being used by gangs as a means of humiliating those living in rival gang neighborhoods. Abortion is illegal in Haiti, so rape victims are legally required to carry any resulting pregnancy to term.[53]

    Conflict

    edit

    May 2020 attacks

    edit
     
    Observers generally believed that the G9 alliance was supported by Jovenel Moïse and the PHTK party[54] (banner celebrating Moise's inauguration pictured).

    In May 2020, a coalition of eleven gangs (Delmas 19 gang, Delmas 6 gang, Delmas 95 gang, Nan Barozi gang, Nan Belekou gang, Nan Boston gang, Nan Chabón gang, Nan Ti Bwa gang, Pilate Base gang, Simon Pele gang, Wharf de Jeremie gang) was founded to attack several neighborhoods in Port-au-Prince as a way to secure and expand territorial control. The same month, they attacked civilians in the neighborhoods of Port-au-Prince, killing 34 people.[55] That month, Altès, the leader of an anti-government gang switched alliances to the government and gangs allied with Jimmy "Barbecue" Chérizier to assassinate another anti-government gang leader, Ernso Nicholas. Following the assassination, many pro-government gangs seized control of anti-government gang territory.[56] After the assassination, Chérizier, with assistance from other gangs, organized a meeting in Delmas 6 (a neighborhood controlled by Chérizier's gang) to plan an assault against neighborhoods in the area of Cité Soleil, in Port-au-Prince, perceived as anti-government, including Pont Rouge, Chancerelles and Nan Tokyo.[10]

    Chérizier's coalition went through with the attack beginning on 24 May. Chérizier's gang attacked civilians in Nan Tokyo, while Altès and another gang leader, Alectis, besieged Pont Rouge. The violence, not far from the General Inspectorate of the National Police of Haiti, lasted from the afternoon to the following day. Many fled the areas due to the violence.[57][58] On 25 May, a displaced persons camp housing anti-government gangs was attacked by members of the coalition, primarily the Krache Dife de Delmas 6 gang, killing two people, including a minor. 24 houses were also burnt in the raid.[10] On 26 May, Haitian armored police vehicles positioned themselves at the entrance to Nan Brooklyn. Tear gas was subsequently fired in the area, followed by gunfire targeting civilians. Nan Brooklyn, controlled by the gang of Gabriel Jean-Pierre ("Ti Gabriel"),[59][60] was attacked again by gangs that day and the day after, killing four people, injuring twenty and setting fire to many homes.[57] Chérizier was allegedly transported to the area in a Haitian police armored vehicle, according to witnesses in the area.[60] In the aftermath of the attack, many new gang leaders were installed in the territories seized, which included Chancerelles, Nan Tokyo, Nan Barozi and Delmas 2 and 4.[61] Nan Brooklyn would remain besieged until July, as the siege culminated in a massacre that resulted in the death of 145.[59] By the end of the month, the coalition had been dissolved.[55]

    Formation of G9 Alliance

    edit

    After those attacks, in a video on YouTube, another coalition of nine gangs was announced to be founded in Port-au-Prince in June 2020, which became the "G9 Alliance" led by Chérizier.[28][44] All of the member gangs had previous links to the ruling PHTK party of President Jovenel Moïse.[54] The coalition is led by Jimmy Chérizier. Since the coalition was founded, it has been responsible for multiple massacres against civilians and clashes with other rival gangs. From 2020 to 2021, the G9 was responsible for a dozen massacres, in which at least 200 people were killed.[44] The G9 was believed to have had close ties to the government of Moïse, which was accused of large-scale corruption. The coalition members frequently evaded prosecution after the massacres and the clashes. Chérizier stood out in that regard because despite the arrest warrants against him, he continued to move freely and to maintain an active presence on social media with no effective attempts by Haitian government forces to arrest him. The G9 also began attacking neighborhoods in which civilians protested against the president and started clashes against rival gangs with the support of the police.[44][62]

    In response to the growing dominance of G9, a rival gang alliance, called "G-Pep", was founded[63] in July 2020. It consisted of mainly those gangs in Port-au-Prince's Cité Soleil who were strongly opposed to joining G9.[28] G-Pep was suspected of connection to various opposition parties, and is funded by the Haitian business magnate Réginald Boulos,[64] and so opposed G9 and its ties to Moïse.[65] In the following months, both gang alliances began to expand beyond their initial areas of operation.[28]

    Escalation

    edit

    After the assassination of Jovenel Moïse, on 7 July 2021, the G9 started to help the government in the manhunt against the 28 foreign perpetrators. After the assassination, Ariel Henry, who some believe to be linked to the killing, became acting prime minister of Haiti. That was followed by an increase in violence,[66] as the gangs exploited the government's weakness.[28] On 12 May 2021, during a clash with G-Pep, Chérizier was reported to be wounded.[67] After the death of his suspected ally Moïse, G9 leader Jimmy Chérizier increasingly voiced political ambitions and began to openly oppose the Haitian government of Henry. On 17 October 2021, G9 forced President Henry to flee an official commemoration event, then began a month-long blockade of the country's largest oil terminal. Though G9 initially declared that it would lift the blockade only if the government resigned, Henry refused to step down; instead, both sides eventually agreed to a secret deal, and G9 retreated from the oil terminal.[28] In general, Henry held only limited power, and the U.S. diplomat Daniel Lewis Foote described the Haitian President as "kind of a clown. [The gangs] in several instances have made him pay them a bunch of money in order for him to attend an event or hold a ceremony — and then they won't let him do it."[36]

    By 2022, most gangs in the capital had aligned themselves with either G9 or G-Pep.[37] From April to May, the Battle of Plaine du Cul-de-Sac was fought between 400 Mawozo and two other gangs, Chen Mechan and G-9 An Fanmi e Alye; the fighting caused about 200 deaths.[68] In May 2022, the powerful 400 Mawozo gang aligned itself with G-Pep, greatly improving the latter's position in the gang war and causing a further escalation of violence.[28] On 10 June, the 5 Seconds Village de Dieu gang captured the Court of First Instance of Port-au-Prince.[28] On 8 and 9 July 2022, the violence between the two gangs increased after the start of street battles in Port-au Prince that killed 89 people and injured 74.[69] The battle caused the nearby Varreux field terminal, the country's largest fuel depot, to pause operations and led to a drastic shortage in fuel as two fuel tankers were unable to be unloaded. Doctors Without Borders has stated that the organization has been unable to access the slum because of the violence.[70] In September, amid the increase of the price of the fuel for the socioeconomic crisis, the G9 began a blockade of the Varreux fuel terminal. On 6 November, after two weeks of negotiations with the Haitian government and after an armed offensive launched by the Haitian National Police, the G9 gang coalition relinquished control of the Varreux fuel terminal.[71]

    From late 2022, an anti-gang bwa kale vigilante movement emerged to attack and kill any gang members. The vigilantes often burned captured gang members alive.[1][26] The vigilantes also turned against regular security forces and murdered at least one police officer who had no known gang connections.

    The gangs responded to the growth of the vigilante groups with counter-attacks that killed community leaders who expressed support for self-defense actions.[42] In January 2023, 18 police officers were murdered in Port-au-Prince by the Gan Grif gang. This prompted riots organized by the police as well as Fantom 509, a police-allied gang.[72] By March 2023, Haitian officials speculated that up to 90% of the capital was controlled by gangs.[25] In April 2023, three gangs, namely Titanyen, Base 5 Secondes and Canaan, conducted an "offensive" in the Cabaret commune, outside Port-au-Prince, in an attempt to break a blockade imposed by local self-defense groups. At least 100 people were killed in the fighting. On 14 April, another battle erupted in Port-au-Prince's Cité Soleil between G-Pep's Nan Brooklyn gang and G9's Belekou and Boston gangs. The clash lasted six days and resulted in at least 70 deaths.[48] Lynchings of gang members by vigilantes grew in frequency: 30 lynchings were reported in May, double the number in April, which killed 150 people.[73] In Pétion-Ville, checkpoints were established by residents and identity checks on strangers ran to identify gang members,[74] while machetes were also distributed in the capital in an effort to curb the gang violence.[75] In response to the growth of the bwa kale movement, President Ariel Henry asked that the initiators of the movement "calm down" and hand over suspected bandits and gang members to the police.[76]

    By mid-2023, the gang war between G9 and G-Pep continued unabated,[29][1] and the resistance by anti-gang vigilantes also grew in scope. Thousands of people were displaced by the clashes.[42] The severity of the ongoing gang war in Haiti has led to the United Nations Security Council authorizing a one-year deployment of an international force led by Kenya to help the Haitian government deal with the crisis.[77][27] Chérizier declared that G9 would resist if an international intervention force committed "human rights abuses" and claimed that it would "be a fight of the Haitian people to save the dignity of our country."[42]

    On 1 November, the Grand Ravine gang, led by Ti Lapli, launched attacks against the Mariani area, killing one police officer and sparking over 2,400 civilians to leave their homes.[78] The gangs gained control over the National Directorate for Water and Sanitation (DINEPA)'s offices in the area, which are used to supply water to other areas in Port-au-Prince. It was believed that the occupation endangered the safety of the water supply.[79]

    On 8 December, the United States Treasury Department announced sanctions placed on four Haitian gang leaders, Johnson André ("Izo"), Renel Destina ("Ti Lapli"), Vitel'Homme Innocent, and Wilson Joseph ("Lanmò San Jou"), for human rights violations.[80][52]

    On 12 December, the Haitian National Police launched an operation from Carrefour[81] into Mariani, with an assault involving excavators resulting in the bulldozing and burning down of many houses around the market alleged to have been used by gang members. Several civilians in the area were injured in the clashes which reportedly lasted till around 3:00 PM.[82] In a 20 December press conference, the Haitian national police announced its intention to conduct greater police operations in Port-au-Prince to protect civilians, regulate traffic and stem gang violence during the end-of-year period. Intensified police presences would be instated throughout the city.[83]

    On 26 December, the US Embassy in Port-au-Prince went on lockdown after gunfire was heard in the area.[84]

    In a 2023 UN report Robert Muggah estimated there could be as many as half a million weapons in the country. When interviewed in 2024, he said that over 80 percent of those traced by the ATF from 2020 and 2022 arrived from the U.S.[85]

    A UN report issued on 15 January 2024 indicated that in the preceding year there had been 2,490 kidnappings and 4,789 reported homicides.[85] On 1 February, Joly Germine, the leader of the 400 Mawozo gang, pleaded guilty in a U.S. federal court to smuggling arms[85] such as "AK-47s, AR-15s, an M4 carbine rifle, an M1A rifle, and a .50 caliber rifle, described by the ATF as a military weapon," into Haiti, piloting the operation from a Haitian prison.[86]

    Ousting of Ariel Henry

    edit
     
    Jimmy "Barbecue" Chérizier in 2024

    On 29 February 2024, a wave of violence broke out while the acting prime minister traveled to Kenya and signed an agreement designed to circumvent the Kenyan High Court's earlier ruling declaring the UN-backed operation to assist Haitian government as unconstitutional under Kenyan law.[87] Gunfire was directed at the country's main airport and many businesses in the area, with two police stations seized,[88] forcing businesses to close and Sunrise Airways to cease operations. On 29 February, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin and Chad pledged troops to support the security situation in Haiti by pledging troops to the Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti, with the largest being Benin's commitment of 1,500 soldiers, in addition to the agreement with Kenya providing 1,000 police officers.[89][90] Belize and Antigua and Barbuda have also pledged people to assist with the mission.[91] U.S. officials said that American troops will not be sent.[92]

    Gang leader Jimmy Chérizier released a video stating that he intended to prevent Ariel Henry from returning to Haiti with the operation.[93] On 1 March, when asked if it was safe for him to return to Haiti, Henry shrugged.[94] Chérizier was said to have the support of other gangs as part of a coalition named "Viv Ansanm" (Haitian Creole for "living together"); though that coalition was quick to dissolve, other gangs still launched attacks together with Chérizier's G9 gang.[95] Gunfire at the airport on 1 March caused damage to some aircraft.[96]

    On 2 and 3 March, armed gangs stormed the two largest prisons in Haiti, one in Croix des Bouquets, the other in Port-au-Prince,[97] resulting in more than 4,700 inmates escaping.[94] With a force of only 9,000 at work, police were undermanned and outgunned by the gangs.[88] The gang leaders, including Chérizier, demanded Henry's resignation. In particular, Chérizier said his goal was to capture Haiti's police chief and government ministers and prevent Henry’s return.[98]

    Over 12 people have been killed in the conflict,[97] while the UN estimates that 15,000 people have fled the violence in Port-au-Prince.[98] On 3 March, the Haitian government, under Finance Minister Michel Patrick Boisvert, declared a 72-hour state of emergency and a nighttime curfew in an attempt to curb the violence and chaos;[99] the government noted "increasingly violent criminal acts" throughout Port-au-Prince, including vandalism, kidnapping and murder.[100] According to the United Nations, gangs controlled around 80% of Port-au-Prince.[94]

    On 4 March, at around 1 p.m. local time, armed gangs attacked the heavily fortified Toussaint Louverture International Airport, exchanging gunfire with police and the Haitian Armed Forces in an attempt to take control of the facility after rumors that Henry would return to the country,[101] fueling speculation that an alliance between rival gangs was forming to overthrow the Haitian government.[102] In particular, Johnson André, the leader of the 5 Seconds gang, appeared also to be linked to the attacks.[94] Other riot leaders, including Guy Philippe, reportedly aimed for the presidency of Haiti.[103] Guy Philippe led the 2004 coup d'état.[103] Flights were grounded as the airport was shut down, and the Stade Sylvio Cator[100] and national bank[99] were also attacked. Other public institutions, including schools and banks, were closed.[104]

    On 5 March, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres stated his desire for "urgent action, particularly in providing financial support for the multinational security support mission".[105] Later that day, Henry landed at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Puerto Rico in an attempt to return to Haiti to control the violence.[104] While Henry was abroad making arrangements for 1,000 Kenyan police to arrive in Haiti, fighting erupted in the capital with gangs assaulting several government buildings, including the National Palace. It was reported that Chérizier is leading the gang forces' assault.[106]

    In the next days, US military airlifted its embassy personnel from the country.[107] The European Union also evacuated all diplomatic staff from Haiti.[108]

    On 6 March, a police station in Bas-Peu-de-Chose was attacked and burned down by gangs.[109] The privately-owned Caribbean Port Services (CPS) terminal at the Port international de Port-au-Prince, notable for its key role in providing food and supplies, was also attacked and looted, resulting in port operations being suspended indefinitely.[110]

    On 7 March, the state of emergency in the Ouest Department, including a nightly curfew and bans on protests, was extended from three days to a month (3 April).[109]

    On 8 March, gangs attacked two police stations near the National Palace,[111] as well as the palace itself,[112] and burned down the interior ministry.[113] The security perimeter around Toussaint Louverture International Airport was breached by gangs, while gunfire was heard throughout Port-au-Prince.[114]

    On 9 March, gangs attacked and occupied the headquarters of the Institute of Social Welfare in Port-au-Prince, while the government of the Dominican Republic announced plans to evacuate its officials and citizens from Port-au-Prince.[115][116] A large counteroffensive against the gangs was launched by the Haitian police force in the later hours of the night after three more police stations were attacked and burned down, with reports coming in that multiple Haitian police cars were stolen and are now patrolling the area.[117][118]

    On 10 March, the United States evacuated its nonessential staff from its embassy in Port-au-Prince via helicopter, while adding additional marine corps to the embassy to defend it.[119] The German embassy as well was evacuated by elements of the Dominican Republic Airforce.[120] The Prime Minister of Jamaica announced on 11 March that representatives from eight countries, including France, Canada, and the United States, would meet in Kingston, Jamaica, to discuss the ongoing violence.[121]

    On 11 March, CARICOM launched an emergency meeting to discuss the situation in Haiti.[122] Interior Cabinet Secretary Kithure Kindiki of Kenya also announced that its police officers are currently in pre-deployment phase, being ready to deploy to Haiti.[123] However, the police force has still not been given a date for when it will deploy, which has caused a lot of international pressure from the United States and multiple meetings between the United States and Kenya over the deployment,[124] with one being held on 11 March between Kenyan President William Ruto and U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken. Toussaint Louverture International Airport was closed.[125] Secretary Blinken later announced that the United States would offer another $100 million to the Kenyan mission in Haiti.[126]

    On 12 March, Ariel Henry declared that he would resign amid massive pressure from the international community.[127]

    Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick, a US congresswoman of Haitian descent, released a press statement saying that the gang take over of Haiti posed a security threat to the United States and warned of violence spilling over to the United States.[128] She also told reporters that she would be holding a meeting with Haitian leaders from South Florida to discuss the country's ongoing conflict.[129] U.S. Department of Defense officials stated later that they are "alerted" about a potential maritime "mass migration" from Haiti. Use of the United States Navy has been considered to stop the flow of migration.[130][131] Around 1 pm ET, Kenyan President Ruto announced that the planned intervention in Haiti will be delayed due to the resignation of the Prime Minister.[132] Radio Television Caraibes moved its studio out of the capital due to gangs capturing it.[133]

    On 13 March, Ruto announced that the mission to Haiti, while paused, would still move forward.[134] The United States announced a plan to contribute $40 million for the Multinational Mission in Haiti.[134] Florida Governor Ron DeSantis announced plans to deploy 250 additional soldiers to help deal with a possible crisis in Florida, including the Florida National Guard.[135] The same day a new US Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team was announced to be on the way to protect the US embassy,[136] and a YouTube personality YourFellowArab (Addison Pierre Maalouf) specialized in touring dangerous places was allegedly kidnapped on his way to interview Jimmy Chérizier. Members of the 400 Mawozo gang demanded a ransom of $600,000 for his release. The U.S. State Department confirmed that a U.S. citizen had been kidnapped.[137] On May 16, 2024, An opposition party in Kenya files an appeal before a Nairobi court to cancel the deployment of Kenyan police officers in Haiti.[138]

    On 19 March, CARICOM and United Nations officials appointed seven seats out of eight of the presidential council. The formation of the full council was delayed because of December 21 Agreement group backing the acting prime minister.[139]

    On 21 March, one of the gang leaders, known only as Makandal, was killed by the bwa kale in Petion-Ville.[140] A day later, Ernst Julme, the leader of Delmas 95, was killed by police in the same area. Julme's death was described as a significant setback for Cherizier in his attempts to take over Port-au-Prince.[141][142]

    On 25 April, Ariel Henry resigned, and was replaced by the Transitional Presidential Council.[143] Later, on 28 May, the transitional council chose Garry Conille as the new Prime Minister.[144]

    In May, in the clashes between gangs and security forces three armored vehicles of the police were destroyed and set on fire.[145]

    On 18 June, the International Organization for Migration reported that more than 580,000 people have been displaced by the increased violence in Haiti since March 2024. The report also warned that since most of the people displaced have been from communities already struggling with poor social conditions, there may be more tension and violence in the coming days.[146]

    Multinational intervention

    edit
    Main article: Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti

    On 26 June 2024, Kenya's first contingent of 400 elite police officers landed in Port-au-Prince’s international airport after months of delay.[3] A second Kenyan contingent consisting of 200 officers arrived on 16 July.[24] A Jamaican contignent consisting of twenty soldiers and four policemen arrived in Haiti on 12 September.[4]

    Formation of the Viv Ansanm

    edit

    On 29 February 2024, the Revolutionary Forces of the G9 and Allies united with G-Pep to form the Viv Ansanm coalition, which means "Live Together" in Haitian Creole. This new coalition is led by Jimmy Chérizier, and together, Viv Ansanm controls around 80% of metropolitan Port-au-Prince, as well as many surrounding towns.[30] Chérizier describes the Viv Ansamn movement as demanding dialogue with the Conille government, and that Viv Ansanm is in opposition to the Haitian and American oligarchs holding power over Haiti. In a June 2024 interview, Chérizer spoke regarding the Kenyan police operation in Haiti, saying that the "politicians and oligarchs...[called in] assassins and mercenaries from Kenya on the pretext that they will crush the gangs and battle Viv Ansanm. They will fight. Viv Ansanm will fight. The Kenyans are protecting the interests of the American oligarchs...That’s why they brought them here."[31]

    On 22 October 2024, SOS Journalists and the Association of Haitian Journalists (AJH) released statements calling upon authorities to take measures to protect journalists threatened by the Viv Ansamm gang coalition led by Chérizier.[147]

    Notes

    edit

    References

    edit
    1. ^ a b c d e f Dyer, Evan (8 May 2023). "In Haiti, a grassroots vigilante movement is fighting back against gang warfare". cbc. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
    2. ^ a b "Haiti threatened by armed environmental group". The New York Times. 6 March 2024.
    3. ^ a b c Phillips, Tom; Côté-Paluck, Etienne (25 June 2024). "Haitians wary as Kenyan police arrive on latest US-backed mission". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
    4. ^ a b c "Haitians wary as Kenyan police arrive on latest US-backed mission". The Associated Press. 12 September 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
    5. ^ "US greenlights $60M in military assistance to Haiti amid rampant gang violence". Politico.
    6. ^ "Haiti Receives 10 New Armored Vehicles from United States Amid Internal Tensions".
    7. ^ "DoD Support to Haiti".
    8. ^ "Canada delivers Haiti-purchased vehicles to help Haitian National Police respond to crisis". 11 January 2023.
    9. ^ "Canadian Armed Forces members deploy to Jamaica to train CARICOM troops for Multinational Security Support mission in Haiti". 30 March 2024.
    10. ^ a b c RNDDH 2020, p. 8.
    11. ^ "With fear and hope, Haiti warily welcomes new governing council as gang-ravaged country seeks peace". Associated Press News. 25 April 2024.
    12. ^ "Haiti's prime minister resigns as transitional council is sworn in". CNN. 25 April 2024.
    13. ^ https://www.wsj.com/world/americas/haitian-prime-minister-ariel-henry-resigns-59226b69
    14. ^ "Haiti: Garry Conille sworn in as Prime Minister". 4 June 2024.
    15. ^ Sanon, Evens. "Haiti replaces its prime minister, marking more turmoil in its democratic transition process". Associated Press. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
    16. ^ "Guy Philippe, former rebel calls for 'revolution' to oust Haiti's Henry - The Washington Post". The Washington Post. 11 February 2024.
    17. ^ a b "Haiti PM Conille touts new police chief in fight against violent gangs". France 24. 21 June 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
    18. ^ Blaise, Juhakenson (20 March 2023). "Henry asks Haitian army to help police fight off gangs". The Haitian Times. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
    19. ^ Geffrard, Robenson. "General Derby Guerrier Assumes Official Command of the Haitian Armed Forces". Le Nouvelliste. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
    20. ^ Besheer, Margaret (3 July 2024). "Haiti's prime minister vows 'new era' for gang-plagued nation". Voice of America. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
    21. ^ "Letter from Panel of Experts" (PDF). United Nations Security Council. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
    22. ^ David C. Adams; Andre Paultre (3 May 2024). "Haiti's Police Are 'Begging for Help' in Battle Against Ruthless Gangs". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
    23. ^ Charles, Jacqueline (12 September 2023). "While international community is divided on Haiti military, support for an army grows". Miami Herald. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
    24. ^ a b Sanon, Evens; Coto, Dánica (16 July 2024). "More Kenyan police arrive in Haiti with UN-backed mission to fight violent gangs". The Associated Press. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
    25. ^ a b "Chaos In Haiti Escalates as Gang Violence, Fuel Shortages Threaten Access to Health Care". Partners in Health. 24 March 2023. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
    26. ^ a b Chéry, Ons (18 November 2022). "Bwa kale: Protests still draw people fed up in Haiti, despite risks". The Haitian Times. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
    27. ^ a b Robles, Frances; Fassihi, Farnaz (2 October 2023). "U.N. Approves Kenya-Led Security Mission to Help Haiti Stamp Out Gangs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
    28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Da Rin, Diego (27 July 2022). "New Gang Battle Lines Scar Haiti as Political Deadlock Persists". Crisis Group. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
    29. ^ a b Rivers, Matt (31 July 2023). "Rare glimpse inside neighborhood at the center of Haiti's gang war". ABC. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
    30. ^ a b "Viv Ansanm: How a gang coalition has transformed violence in Port-au-Prince". riskbulletins.globalinitiative.net. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
    31. ^ a b mforinoco (30 June 2024). "A Carte Blanche for the Black Masks". Orinoco Tribune - News and opinion pieces about Venezuela and beyond. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
    32. ^ "It's not just gang violence surging in Haiti. It's a rebellion: ANALYSIS". ABC News. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
    33. ^ Grant, Will; Wright, George (12 June 2024). "Haiti forms new government as gang violence persists". BBC News.
    34. ^ a b Walker 2022, p. 5.
    35. ^ Walker 2022, pp. 5–6.
    36. ^ a b c d e Ioanes, Ellen (26 March 2023). "Haiti's gang violence crisis, briefly explained". Vox. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
    37. ^ a b c Walker 2022, p. 6.
    38. ^ Lamour, Sabine (2021). "The Toxic Masculinity of the Legal Bandit". NACLA Report on the Americas. 53 (1): 88–93. doi:10.1080/10714839.2021.1891649.
    39. ^ "UN peacekeepers leave Haiti: What is their legacy?". Al Jazeera. 6 October 2017. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
    40. ^ Charles, Jacqueline (18 November 2018). "Anti-corruption protest in Haiti turns into referendum on Haitian president". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
    41. ^ a b Walker 2022, pp. 3–4.
    42. ^ a b c d "United Nations statistics underscore 'extreme brutality' of Haiti's gangs". al-Jazeera. 19 August 2023. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
    43. ^ a b Walker 2022, p. 19.
    44. ^ a b c d e "UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
    45. ^ a b c d e f g h i Walker 2022, p. 17.
    46. ^ Walker 2022, p. 16.
    47. ^ a b c d Walker 2022, p. 18.
    48. ^ a b c d e f ACLED 2023, p. 2.
    49. ^ Walker 2022, pp. 4, 17–18.
    50. ^ "400 Mawozo". Insight Crime. 23 March 2022.
    51. ^ Ives, Kim (9 December 2020). "Léon Charles du SIN à l'ANI". Haiti Liberté (in French).
    52. ^ a b "UN, US slap sanctions on four Haiti gang leaders". Reuters. 9 December 2023.
    53. ^ Merancourt, Widlore; Coletta, Amanda (29 January 2024). "'Collective rapes' surge as weapon in Haiti's gang war". Washington Post.
    54. ^ a b Walker 2022, p. 13.
    55. ^ a b "UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
    56. ^ Harvard 2021, p. 13.
    57. ^ a b Harvard 2021, p. 14.
    58. ^ "Armed gangs kill and burn at the bottom of Delmas, not far from the IGPNH". haitiinfospro.com (in French). 25 May 2020. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
    59. ^ a b RNDDH 2021, p. 6.
    60. ^ a b RNDDH 2020, p. 9.
    61. ^ RNDDH 2020, p. 20.
    62. ^ "Haiti gang leader declares 'revolution' as violence spreads". Al Jazeera. Reuters. 24 June 2021. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
    63. ^ Walker 2022, p. 7.
    64. ^ Ives, Kim (13 July 2022). "In Cité Soleil, the G9 Federation in All-Out War with G-Pèp - Haiti Liberte". Retrieved 14 August 2024.
    65. ^ Walker 2022, p. 4.
    66. ^ "UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
    67. ^ "Barbecue" Cherizier, Haiti's top gang leader, shot in gunfight". The Haitian Times. 14 May 2021. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
    68. ^ National Human Rights Defense Network (27 June 2022). "Carnage at La Plaine du Cul-de-Sac: The survivors demand the authorities" (PDF). National Human Rights Defense Network. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
    69. ^ Charles, Jacqueline (13 July 2022). "Gang continues deadly attack on Haiti slum, sparking violent protests over fuel shortages". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
    70. ^ "Thousands trapped as gangs battle for control in Port-au-Prince". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
    71. ^ Dupain, Etant; Alam, Hande Atay (6 November 2022). "Critical Haiti gas terminal freed after weeks of talks with G9 gang leader". CNN. Archived from the original on 6 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
    72. ^ "Haitian police rebels protest gang killings of officers". jamaica-gleaner.com. 27 January 2023. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
    73. ^ Franciotti, Julia Lins; Arocha, María Fernanda (8 June 2023). "Regional Overview: Latin America & the Caribbean". ACLED. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
    74. ^ ""Bwa Kale": Lynching of at least 6 alleged bandits in Pétion-Ville" (in French). Loop News. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
    75. ^ "Haiti turns to Africa, Latin America for help amid security turmoil". jamaica-gleaner.com. 15 May 2023. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
    76. ^ "Ariel Henry disapproves of the "Bwa Kale" movement" (in French). Loop News. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
    77. ^ Coto, Danica; Lederer, Edith (30 September 2023). "UN to vote on resolution to authorize one-year deployment of armed force to help Haiti fight gangs". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
    78. ^ "Haiti: 2,487 people displaced by gang violence – Prensa Latina". 7 November 2023. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
    79. ^ "iciHaiti – Mariani : Bandits have occupied the DINEPA water pumping station for 8 days – iciHaiti.com : All the news in brief 7/7". IciHaiti.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
    80. ^ "US sanctions four Haitian gang leaders | Loop Haiti". Loop News. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
    81. ^ "Clashes between police and armed civilians in Mariani – Radio graphie". radiographieht.com (in French). 12 December 2023. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
    82. ^ "Fire and demolition of houses in Mariani – Radio graphie". radiographieht.com (in French). 12 December 2023. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
    83. ^ "The PNH security plan for the end-of-year holidays | Loop Haiti" (in French). Loop News. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
    84. ^ Paul, Jacob (26 December 2023). "US Embassy in Haiti goes into lockdown after gunshots heard". Daily Express. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
    85. ^ a b c Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian (25 March 2024). "'A criminal economy': How US arms fuel deadly gang violence in Haiti". Al Jazeera.
    86. ^ "'King' of Violent Haitian Gang Pleads Guilty To Gun Smuggling and Money Laundering After Government's Case". Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Department of Justice. 1 February 2024.
    87. ^ "Kenya signs deal in attempt to rescue plan for deployment of 1,000 police officers to Haiti". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media. 1 March 2024. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
    88. ^ a b "Haitian police spokesman says new gang attacks overwhelmed officers: 'The city center was at war'". AP News. 1 March 2024. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
    89. ^ Morland, Sarah; Isaac, Harold; Hilaire, Valentine (4 March 2024). "Haiti's neighbors prepare for 'drastic escalation' in violence after jailbreak". Reuters. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
    90. ^ Nichols, Michelle. "Five countries pledge personnel for Haiti security mission, UN says". Reuters. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
    91. ^ Morland, Sarah (5 March 2024). "Explainer: Haiti's prime minister called for international security support. Who answered?". Reuters. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
    92. ^ Wilner, Michael; Charles, Jacqueline. "Biden rejects U.S. troop deployment to Haiti as crisis spirals". Miami Herald. McClatchy Media Network. Archived from the original on 6 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
    93. ^ "Haiti gang leader threatens 'civil war' if PM does not resign". Yahoo News. 7 March 2024. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
    94. ^ a b c d Coto, Dánica (4 March 2024). "There's chaos in Haiti. Powerful gangs are attacking key targets like prisons as alliances shift". AP News. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
    95. ^ Press, Associated (29 February 2024). "Haiti's capital paralysed by gunfire as gang boss threatens police chief and ministers". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
    96. ^ Rios, Michael; Caitlin Hu; Jim Rogers; Sahar Akbarzai; Chris Lau (1 March 2024). "Gunfire near Haiti airport disrupts flights for second day". CNN. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
    97. ^ a b Astier, Henri; Avagnina, Gianluca (3 March 2024). "Haiti violence: Haiti gangs demand PM resign after mass jailbreak". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
    98. ^ a b Jones, Sam (4 March 2024). "Haiti declares state of emergency after thousands of dangerous inmates escape". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
    99. ^ a b Sanon, Evans; Luxama, Pierre-Richard (3 March 2024). "Haiti declares a curfew as it tries to restore order after weekend jailbreak, explosion of violence". AP News. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
    100. ^ a b Wyss, Jim (4 March 2024). "Violent Prison Break Sparks Murder, Mayhem in Haiti". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
    101. ^ Charles, Jacqueline (4 March 2024). "Haiti has deployed its army; troops joined police to push back gang takeover of airport". Miami Herald. McClatchy Media Network. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
    102. ^ Taylor, Luke (4 March 2024). "Haiti's weekend of violence puts government future in doubt". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
    103. ^ a b Berg, Matt; Toosi, Nahal; Ward, Alexander (5 March 2024). "'Catastrophic' fears in Washington as Haiti crisis worsens". Politico. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
    104. ^ a b Sanon, Evens; Goodman, Joshua; Coto, Dánica (5 March 2024). "Haitian prime minister lands in Puerto Rico as he tries to return home to quell gang violence". AP News. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
    105. ^ "Haiti crisis: UN chief calls for 'urgent action' to end rampant insecurity | UN News". news.un.org. United Nations. 5 March 2024. Archived from the original on 5 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
    106. ^ "Haiti crisis: heavy gunfire reported close to Port-au-Prince's national palace". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
    107. ^ "US military airlifts embassy personnel from Haiti, bolsters security". Reuters. 10 March 2024.
    108. ^ Ahmatović, Šejla (12 March 2024). "As Haiti gang violence rages, EU evacuates all diplomatic staff". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
    109. ^ a b "Haiti extends state of emergency as violence and displacement soar". Al Jazeera. 7 March 2024. Archived from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
    110. ^ Mérancourt, Widlore; Schmidt, Samantha (7 March 2024). "As gangs attack a critical port, 'Haiti will go hungry soon'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
    111. ^ Rios, Michael; Roth, Richard; Akbarzai, Sahar; Lau, Chris (9 March 2024). "Haiti crisis: Armed men attack police stations near National Palace as gang violence spirals". CNN. Cable News Network. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
    112. ^ Rivers, Matt (8 March 2024). "Gangs attack Haiti's national palace in Port-au-Prince: Source". ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
    113. ^ Wyss, Jim (9 March 2024). "Haitian Gangs Torch Ministry as Nation Descends Into Lawlessness". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
    114. ^ "Intensos tiroteos se registran en el entorno del Palacio Presidencial de Haití". Cooperativa.cl (in Spanish). EFE. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
    115. ^ "República Dominicana planea evacuar a sus funcionarios y de otros países de Haití" [Dominican Republic plans to evacuate its officials and other countries from Haiti] (in Spanish). 9 March 2024. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
    116. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    117. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    118. ^ "Gangs attack police stations in Haiti as Caribbean leaders call an emergency meeting Monday". 10 March 2024. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
    119. ^ Phillips, Tom. "US airlifts embassy staff out of Haiti as gangs besiege political area". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
    120. ^ "Embajada de Alemania en Haití es evacuada de emergencia" [German Embassy in Haiti is emergency evacuated] (in Spanish). 10 March 2024. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
    121. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    122. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    123. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    124. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    125. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    126. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    127. ^ Hu, Caitlin Stephen; Rios, Michael (12 March 2024). "Haiti's leader to resign as gangs run rampant through country engulfed in crisis". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
    128. ^ Anwer, Saira (11 March 2024). "South Florida congresswoman: Haiti gang takeover poses 'security risk' to US". WPLG. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
    129. ^ "Haiti Prime Minister steps down as gang violence plunges country into turmoil: Live". The Independent. 12 March 2024. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
    130. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    131. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    132. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    133. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    134. ^ a b https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1767941048649539718
    135. ^ "Governor DeSantis Deploys Additional Personnel, Assets to Southern Florida and the Keys to Stop Potential Influx of Illegal Immigration from Haiti". flgov.com. 13 March 2024. Archived from the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
    136. ^ "New team of marines deployed to Haiti for U.S. embassy security amid gang violence". NBC News. 13 March 2024. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
    137. ^ Sukheja, Bhavya (March 30, 2024). "US YouTuber YourFellowArab Kidnapped In Haiti While Trying To Interview Gang Leader". NDTV.com. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
    138. ^ "Kenya: le déploiement de policiers en Haïti visé par un nouveau recours en justice". rfi (in French). May 17, 2024. Retrieved May 18, 2024.
    139. ^ "Haiti transition plan finally settled, says source | Miami Herald". Miami Herald. 19 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
    140. ^ "Suspected Haiti gang members set on fire as conflict spreads to capital suburb". NBC News. 21 March 2024.
    141. ^ "Prominent Haitian gang leader shot dead by police as political groups near finalisation of transition council". Sky News. 22 March 2024.
    142. ^ "Violence Rises In Haiti, Gang Leader Killed As Transition Council Close To Being Established". Arise News. 22 March 2024.
    143. ^ "Ariel Henry resigns as Haitian PM as transitional council takes power".
    144. ^ Coto, Dánica (28 May 2024). "Transitional council in Haiti selects new prime minister for a country under siege by gangs". AP News. The Associated Press. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
    145. ^ "Long-waited armored vehicles burned 2 weeks after arrival in Haiti". haitiantimes.com. 24 May 2024.
    146. ^ Sanon, Evens; Marcos, Coral Murphy (19 June 2024). "Gang violence in Haiti has displaced nearly 580,000 people, a new UN report says". AP News. The Associated Press. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
    147. ^ Jean Junior Celestin (23 October 2024). "Des journalistes menacés par des gangs : L'AJH et SOS Journalistes dénoncent et appellent à l'action". Le Nouvelliste (in French).

    Works cited

    edit
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gang_war_in_Haiti&oldid=1257479210#Formation_of_the_Viv_Ansanm"