Vladislav Kurasov (Belarusian: Уладзіслаў Курасаў, romanized: Uladzislaw Kurasaw, Russian: Владислав Курасов, born 13 March 1995) is a singer, songwriter, the finalist of the Ukrainian version of the television show The X-Factor, the winner of the television show Star Ring, The People's Voice Winner at the 2013 International Songwriting Competition,[1][2][3][4] winner of the 2014 Unsigned Only Music Competition Fandemonium.[5] He became a semifinalist in the Ukrainian National Selection for Eurovision Song Contest 2016, with "I'm Insane"[6]
Vladislav Kurasov | |
---|---|
Background information | |
Birth name | Vladislav Kurasov |
Also known as | Vlad Kurasov |
Born | Brest, Belarus | 13 March 1995
Origin | Krasnodar, Russia |
Genres | Pop, dance-pop |
Occupation(s) | Singer, songwriter |
Years active | 2011–present |
Website | vladislavkurasov |
Early years
editKurasov was born on 13 March 1995 in Brest, Belarus. He has two sisters and a brother and is the youngest in the family. In 2006, the Kurasov's family moved to Krasnodar, Russia. Vladislav enrolled in the Interschool Aesthetic Center (IAC) to study variety vocal singing and pianoforte, and theatre at the Creative Union "Première". He graduated his studies at these institutions in 2011 with honors. He is the winner of many national and international competitions, such as: "Blue-Eyed Anapa", "Star Youth of the Planet", "Little Stars", "Eaglet Lights Up a Star" and many others.
In 2007 Kurasov took part in Minuta slavy a show on the Russian "First Channel" performing Elvis Presley's song "Blue Suede Shoes" which received high scores from the jury.[7]
X Factor
editOn 27 August 2011 the STB broadcast a program about the Х-Factor auditions in Donetsk where Kurasov performed Celine Dion's song "My Heart Will Go On". The audience rose in applause and all four judges said "Yes" to Kurasov.[7]
Having successfully passed the first three rounds of the selection process (preliminary and TV auditions and the training camp), Kurasov began competing in the fourth and deciding round for a place in the "Boys" category.
On 22 October 2011, in Х-Factor first live broadcast, Kurasov performed Leonard Cohen song "Hallelujah" which eventually became the "visiting card" of the young performer.[8]
In week 7 he landed in the bottom two against Svitlana Vinnik but was saved by majority vote.
In the finale of the project he performed "Walking Away" in a duet with the British star Craig David. Kurasov finished third based on viewers voting.[9]
Stage of the show | Song | Result |
---|---|---|
Season 2: Casting | Celine Dion: My Heart Will Go On | Advanced |
Performance for judges | Mariah Carey: Without You | Advanced |
First live broadcast | Leonard Cohen: Hallelujah | Safe |
Second live broadcast | t.A.T.u.: "All About Us" | Safe |
Third live broadcast | Alla Pugacheva and Boris Pasternak: "Svecha Gorela na Stole (The Candle Burned)" | Safe |
Fourth live broadcast | Oleksandr Ponomaryov: "Varto Chi Ni" | Safe |
Fifth live broadcast | Whitney Houston: I Will Always Love You | Safe |
Sixth live broadcast | Cats: Memory | Safe |
Seventh live broadcast | Iryna Bilyk: "Sneg" | Bottom two |
Seventh live broadcast (Final Showdown) | Christina Aguilera: You Lost Me | Saved |
Eighth live broadcast | Mark Minkov and Leonid Derbenev: "Ti Na Svete Yest" | Safe |
Beatles: Let It Be | ||
Ninth live broadcast | Bravo: "Doroga v Oblaka" | Safe |
Yevgeniy Diatlov: "Nauchite Menya Ponimat Krasotu" | ||
Tenth live broadcast (final) | Craig David: "Walking Away" | 3rd Place |
Vladimir Vermenich and Mikola Singaivskiy: "Chornobrivtsi" | ||
Celine Dion: My Heart Will Go On | ||
Andrew Lloyd Webber and Dianne Warren: "It's My Time |
Star Ring
editOn 6 March 2012 the Ukrainian TV channel STB launched the show "Star Ring" which was a contest of finalists of two Х-Factor seasons and vocalists of Ukrayina maye talant. Kurasov was one of the contestants of that new project.
During the live broadcast of "Star Ring" on 10 April 2012, designated as the last broadcast of the show, and winner to be chosen by public voting, Kurasov performed "Hallelujah" from Leonard Cohen, his "visiting card", trying to impart new feelings to the song. Based on viewers’ voting he became was declared the winner and was awarded a cash prize of UAH 500,000 (equivalent to $61,550 USD) in addition to recording the song and releasing a music video.[10][11][12]
Music career
editKurasov's first authored song was "Farewell, My Town". It was released online on 22 June 2012 and was favorably received by his fans, getting good reviews.[13][14]
On 2 December 2012, as a winner of the contest at the "Yatalant.ru",[15] Kurasov presented his song "Proshchay, Moy Gorod" (Farewell, My Town) at "The Golden Gramophone Award" in St Petersburg, Russia. a yearly national Russian music award, established by Russian Radio in 1996 perfprming at the Ice Palace with a capacity of 11,000.[16]
His second single "Nol Liubvi v Kvadrate" ("Zero Love Squared") became a semifinalist of The International Songwriting Competition in 2012 in Nashville, Tennessee in the Teen and Dance categories. Over 20,000 songs entered the competition from over 119 countries in all genres.[17]
On 22 December 2012 Kurasov was an invitational guest at season three of the Ukrainian X Factor performing a new song "Shopot Dozhdey" ("Whisper of Rains").[18] On 26 February 2013 Kurasov released one more hit single "Zabudesh" ("You'll Forget") that was successfully played on Ukrainian radio stations, as well as in Germany and US stations,[19] and other countries.[20][21] On 18 June 2013 Kurasov released a music video for the song,[22][23][24] filmed by renowned Ukrainian director and screenwriter Maxim Litvinov.[25][26]
Vladislav Kurasov became a semifinalist of the international music competition Unsigned Only in 2013 held in Nashville, Tennessee in Teen category with his version of "Hallelujah" from Leonard Cohen.[27]
On 13 September 2013 Kurasov presented his single "Day Mne Ispit" self-written and composed and a music video following on 8 October 2013 [28] It became "The People's Voice" Winner at the 2013 International Songwriting Competitions, and got an Honorable mention in the Teen category.[4] On 20 June 2014 it was selected for the Al Walser Top 20 Countdown Show.[29] even though the song was in Russian.[30]
"Day Mne Ispit" was followed on 7 April 2014 by the song "Ya Bolen Toboy" ("I'm Sick of You) again self-written and composed by Kurasov.[31][32] With photographer Marina Khadzhinova, he produced a music video for his song that debuted on 18 September 2014 in a presentation in the Kyiv complex Indigo[33] It was released by Moon Records [34]
Another success in an international music competition in USA was when Kurasov won "Fandemonium" with the song "Hallelujah" in the "Vocal Performance" category in the 2014 Unsigned Only Music Competition. The competition attracted nearly 8000 entries from over 100 countries.[35][36]
Kurasov performed has performed at numerous concerts including a successful acoustic concert with Zhenya Khmara on 29 November 2014 in Kyiv with part of proceeds going to charity.[37]
Kurasov new single "My Love" also written by Kurasov was released on Moon Records and ITunes on 24 February 2015. Vladislav was an invitational guest in a Premier Russian Radio in Los Angeles.
On 22 January 2016 a video for his song "Na Glubine Dushi" was released. On 26 January 2016 Ukrainian TV Channels National Television Company of Ukraine (NTU) and STB announced that he was among the participants of that year's Ukrainian National selection of famous and talented Ukrainian singers for Eurovision 2016.[38]
In October 2016 he released a single "Ne Smeysia Sudbe v Litso" that became a lead single of his first music album and music video with the famous music director Taras Golubkov and production of Icona Production at the StarPro music channel. On 25 November 2016 Vladislav Kurasov first album "Otrazhenie" was released on ITunes and GooglePlay.[39]
Singles
editPresentation | Song | Author |
---|---|---|
22 June 2012 | Proshchay Moy Gorod (Farewell My Town) | Vladislav Kurasov |
20 October 2012 | Nol Lyubvi v Kvadrate (Zero Love Squared) | Vladislav Kurasov |
2 December 2012 | Shopot Dozhdey ( Whisper of Rains) | Music by Dmitry Danov, Lyrics by Gleb Kraskovsky |
26 February 2013 | Zabudesh (You'll Forget) | Vladimir Kurto |
13 September 2013 | Day Mne Ispit (Let Me Indulge) | Vladislav Kurasov |
7 April 2014 | Ya Bolen Toboy (I'm Sick of You) | Vladislav Kurasov |
18 May 2014 | 18 | Aleksey Malakhov |
24 February 2015 | My Love | Vladislav Kurasov |
15 May 2015 | Po Luzham | Elina Rashodova |
9 November 2015 | Na Glubine Dushi | Vladislav Kurasov |
26 January 2016 | I'm Insane | Music by Vladislav Kurasov, Lyrics by Natalia Rostova |
13 October 2016 | Ne Smeysia Sudbe v Litso | Elina Rashodova |
25 November 2016 | Follow the Play | Vladislav Kurasov |
25 November 2016 | VOODOO | Vladislav Kurasov |
25 November 2016 | Treugolnik | Vladislav Kurasov |
25 November 2016 | Lightness | Music by Vladislav Kurasov, Lyrics by Natalia Rostova |
25 November 2016 | Dnevniki | Vladislav Kurasov |
25 November 2016 | Hmari | Music by Vladislav Kurasov, Lyrics by Natalia Rostova |
25 November 2016 | Raznie | Elina Rashodova |
Discography
edit- * 25 November 2016— Otrazhenie
Song | Author |
---|---|
My Love | Vladislav Kurasov |
Ne Smeysia Sudbe v Litso | Elina Rashodova. |
Ya Bolen Toboy | Vladislav Kurasov |
Ha Glubine Dushi | Vladislav Kurasov |
I'm Insane | Vladislav Kurasov, Lyrics by Natalia Rostova |
Follow the Play | Vladislav Kurasov |
VOODOO | Vladislav Kurasov |
Treugolnik | Vladislav Kurasov |
Lightness | Music by Vladislav Kurasov, Lyrics by Natalia Rostova |
Po Luzham | Elina Rashodova |
Dnevniki | Vladislav Kurasov |
Hmari | Music by Vladislav Kurasov, Lyrics by Natalia Rostova |
Raznie | Elina Rashodova |
Videos
editPresentation | Video |
---|---|
18 June 2013 | Zabudesh (You'll Forget) [23] |
8 October 2013 | Day Mne Ispit (Let Me Indulge)[28] |
22 September 2014 | Ya Bolen Toboy [40] |
22 January 2016 | Na Glubine Dushi[41] |
28 October 2016 | Ne Smeysia Sydbe v Litso [42] |
Solo Concerts
editDate | City | Venue | Featured |
---|---|---|---|
5 May 2012 | Luhansk, Ukraine | Concert Hall " Colloseum" | |
19 May 2012 | Poltava, Ukraine | Nightclub "Chocolate" | |
26 May 2012 | Odesa, Ukraine | Night club "Nota Bene" | |
9 June 2012 | Kyiv, Ukraine | Night club "Manilov" | |
15 September 2012 | Donetsk, Ukraine | "Chicago Music Hall" | |
22 September 2012 | Kharkiv,Ukraine | Night club "Jackson" | |
6 October 2012 | Odesa, Ukraine | Night club "Nota Bene" | |
20 October 2012 | Kyiv, Ukraine | Concert Hall "Byblos" | |
17 November 2012 | St Petersburg, Russia | Night club "My Bay" | |
1 December 2012 | Moscow, Russia | Night Club FM CLUB | |
25 May 2013 | Luhansk, Ukraine | Concert Hall " Colloseum" | |
17 May 2014 | Kyiv, Ukraine | B-52[43] | Rihter |
23 August 2014 | Kyiv, Ukraine | Club "D*Lux" [44] | Vyacheslav Yefremov, Dmitriy Masyuchenko |
27 September 2014 | Mykolaiv, Ukraine | "Metallurg" | |
1 November 2014 | Kharkiv, Ukraine | Night Club "Jackson" | |
29 November 2014 | Kyiv, Ukraine | House of Architect | Yevgeniy Khmara |
14 March 2015 | Odesa, Ukraine | Club "Atlantic" | |
17 May 2015 | Kyiv, Ukraine | Karusel Club | |
7 November 2015 | Kyiv Ukraine | European University | |
26 November 2016 | Kyiv, Ukraine | Night Club SkyBar | GINGER cover band |
Guest appearances
editYear | Title | Role | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
12 September 2012 | Master Chef | Himself | TV series Channel STB (2 episode. Post-Show); |
9 September 2012 | Guten Morgen | Himself | TV Channel M-1; |
22 November 2012 | Rankove Expresso | Himself | TV Channel TONIS; |
2 December 2012 | The Golden Gramophone Award | Performer | St Petersburg, Russia |
12 December 2012 | XFactor-3 Ukraine | Performer [18] | TV series Channel STB, 9 Live Show |
2 April 2013 | Guten Morgen | Himself | TV Channel M-1; |
2 April 2013 | Neymovirna Pravda pro Zirok | Himself | TV Channel STB; |
12 April 2013 | Holostiak (Bachelor) | Performer | TV Channel STB, Post-Show; |
14 May 2013 | SHOW-STARS | himself | TV Channel in Odesa |
9 June 2013 | Nashchadki | Performer | TV Channel First National |
26 June 2013 | Neymovirna Pravda Pro Zirok | himself | TV Channel STB |
2 July 2013 | Vladislav Kurasov at Celebration of Youth Day | himself | TV Channel TPK Aleks Zaporizhzhia |
14 August 2013 | SHOW-STARS | himself | TV Channel in Odesa |
15 August 2013 | Nehay Nam Bude Colyorovo | himself | TV Channel First National |
24 September 2013 | Story of creating Vladislav Kurasov's video | himself | TV Channel M-1 |
26 September 2013 | Story of creating Vladislav Kurasov's video | himself | TV Channel ICTV "Korisni Novini" |
27 September 2013 | Story of creating Vladislav Kurasov's video | himself | TV Channel Noviy Channel (New Channel)"Pidiom" |
2 October 2013 | Neymovirna Pravda pro Zirok | himself | TV Channel STB |
9 October 2013 | Music Box Daily News [45] | himself | TV Channel Music Box UA |
18 October 2013 | Zvazheni i Schastlivi (Biggest Looser) | Performer | TV Channel STB, Post-Show |
21 October 2013 | Neymovirna Pravda pro Zirok [46] | himself | TV Channel STB |
5 April 2014 | Interview with Vladislav Kurasov | himself | TV Channel 112 Ukraine HD |
5 April 2014 | Chas Sovi | himself | TV Channel -Central Channel Ukraine |
11 April 2014 | Rankovi Kurasani [47] | himself/performer | TVi Channel |
15 July 2014 | Teleacademiya | performer | TV Channel-First National |
29 May 2014 | Idu na Ti | himself | TV-5, Zaporizhzhia |
11 August 2014 | Detskiye Mudrosti | himself | TV Channel Humor TV |
3 November 2014 | Vse Bude Dobre [48] | Performer | TV Channel STB |
24 February 2015 | Interview With Vladislav Kurasov | himself, performer | Premier Russian Radio, Los Angeles, USA [49] |
Awards and nominations
edit- 2011 Finalist of the TV Show The X-Factor-2 Ukraine,
- 2012 The Winner of the TV Show "Star Ring" [1][2][3]
- 2013 Ukraine "Favorite of Success" Award Gold Winner in a Young Talent category [50][51][52]
- 2013 International Songwriting Competitions "The People's Voice" Winner and the Honorable mention in the category Teen with his single "Day Mne Ispit" on 6 May 2014.[4]
- 2014 Unsigned Only Music Competition Fandemonium Winner with the song "Hallelujah" (Leonard Cohen cover), Finalist in the "Vocal Performance" category [35][53]
- 2015 Beat100 #1 Charting Video Award for "Ya Bolen Toboy" Original Video for the week of 16 February 2015 (won)[54]
- 2015 Beat100 Gold Song A&R Award, Gold Video A&R Award & Silver Most Watched Video Award for "Ya Bolen Toboy" Original Video [55][56]
- 2015 Beat100 Audio Chart #1 Award from the week of 29 May 2015 for song "Po Luzham" (won)[57]
- 2016 the semifinalist of the Ukrainian National Selection for Eurovision Song Contest -2016[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Владислав Курасов стал победителем шоу "Звездный ринг" [Vladislav Kurasov Became a Winner of the show "Star Ring"] (in Russian). 11 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Vladislav Kurasov" (in Russian).
- ^ a b "Эксклюзивное интервью с Владиславом Курасовым для Music1.ru" [The Exclusive Interview with Vladislav Kurasov for music1.ru] (in Russian).
- ^ a b c "Previous Winners 2013".
- ^ "Владислав Курасов получил престижный титул UNSIGNED ONLY MUSIC COMPETITION 2014" [Vladislav Kurasov obtained a prestige title from Unsigned Only Music competition].
- ^ a b "Participants in Ukrainian national selection revealed".
- ^ a b "Vlad Kurasov / Biography".
- ^ "Родители меня поддерживают издалека", - Влад Курасов [Parents Support Me from Far] (in Russian).
- ^ Х-Фактор: шоу покинул Владислав Курасов [X Factor: Vladislav Kurasov Left The Show] (in Russian).
- ^ "Vlad Kurasov/Biography".
- ^ Победителем шоу "Зірковий ринг" стал Владислав Курасов [Vladislav Kurasov become a Winner of the Show "Star Ring"] (in Ukrainian).
- ^ ""Звездный Ринг": победитель шоу Влад Курасов был уверен в поражении" ["Star Ring": A Winner of the Show Vlad Kurasov Was Sure He Will Lose] (in Russian).
- ^ "Владислав Курасов презентовал свою первую авторскую песню "Прощай, мой город"" [Vladislav Kurasov Presented His First Author Song "Farewell My Town"]. 22 June 2012.
- ^ "Владислав Курасов обошел соперников по "Х-фактору"" [Vladislav Kurasov is Ahead of his X Factor Contenders].
- ^ "Владислав Курасов на премии "Золотой Граммофон"" [Vladislav Kurasov is at the Golden Gramophone Award].
- ^ "Владислав Курасов выступил на престижной церемонии "Золотой граммофон"" [Vladislav Kurasov performed at the prestigious "Golden Gramophone" Award].
- ^ "Click to See the List of Semi-Finalists".
- ^ a b "Владислав Курасов представил на Х-Факторе свою версию саундтрека к Концу Света" [Vladislav Kurasov Presented on X Factor His Version of the Soundtrack to the Doomsday].
- ^ "И снова Премьера!" [And again Debut].
- ^ "Vladislav Kurasov Radio".
- ^ "Владислав Курасов представил свой дебютный сингл "Забудешь"" [Vladislav Kurasov Presented his Single "You'll Forget"].
- ^ "Новое видео от Владислава Курасова" [A New Video from Vladislav Kurasov].
- ^ a b "Владислав Курасов презентовал свой дебютный клип" [Vladislav Kurasov Presented his Debut Music Video].
- ^ "Владислав Курасов презентовал свой дебютный клип" [Vladislav Kurasov Presented his Debut Music Video].
- ^ "Maxim Litvinov to Stage Ukrainian Entry".
- ^ "Famous Director Released Video Of X-Factor Finalist".
- ^ "Unsigned Only Music Competition-2013".
- ^ a b "Финалист "Х-Фактора" и победитель "Звездного ринга" возмужал и сменил имидж" [The X Factor Finalist and a Winner of the "Star Ring" Matured and Change His Look].
- ^ "Al Walser's Weekly Top20".
- ^ "Песня Влада Курасова попала в Al Walser's Weekly Top20" [The Vladislav Kurasov's song was selected to Al Walser Weekly Top 20].
- ^ "Влад Курасов рассказал о личном" [Vladislav Kurasov Share His Personal Staff].
- ^ "Влад Курасов - "Я болен"" [Vladislav Kurasov-"Ya Bolen"].
- ^ "Владислав Курасов представил новый клип на песню "Я болен тобой"" [Vladislav Kurasov presented a new video for his song "Ya Bolen Toboy"].
- ^ "MOON RECORDS" (in Russian).
- ^ a b "Unsigned Only".
- ^ "Владислав Курасов получил престижный титул UNSIGNED ONLY MUSIC COMPETITION 2014" [Vladislav Kurasov obtained a prestige title from Unsigned Only Music competition].
- ^ "Владислав Курасов и Евгений Хмара показали своей публике волшебство" [Vladislav Kurasov and Yevgeniy Khmara show magic to their audience].
- ^ "Participants in Ukrainian national selection revealed".
- ^ "Премьера Дебютного Альбома Владислава Курасова "Отражение"»" [A Premiere of the Vladislav Kurasov Debut Album "Otrazhenie"].
- ^ "Владислав Курасов презентовал авторский видеоклип" [Vladislav Kurasov Presented his Author Video].
- ^ "Влад Курасов представил клип на авторскую песню" [Vladislav Kurasov Presented Video for his Author Song].
- ^ "Премьера клипа: Владислав Курасов презентовал видео на сиqнгл "Не смейся судьбе в лицо"" [Premiere Video: Vladislav Kurasov presented a video for his song "Ne Smeysia Sudbe v Litso"].
- ^ "Ради Владислава Курасова люди преодолели тысячи километров" [People traveled thousand of kilometers to see Vladislav Kurasov].
- ^ "Владислав Курасов провёл "Летнюю Вечерику"»" [Vladislav Kurasov Held Summer Party].
- ^ "Новый клип: Владислав Курасов – Дай мне испить" [New Video:Vladislav Kurasov -Day Mne Ispit].
- ^ "Влад Курасов Отримав Серйозну Трамву Пiсля Стрибка з Парашутом" [Vlad Kurasov Seriously Insured After Parashute Jump].
- ^ "Влад Курасов у "Ранкових курасанах"" [Vlad Kurasov at "Rankovi Kurasani].
- ^ "Все буде добре". Выпуск 489" ["Vse Bude Dobre". Vol.489].
- ^ Интервью c ВЛАДОМ КУРАСОВЫМ [Interview With Vladislav Kurasov] (in Russian).
- ^ "Владислав Курасов на 11-ой церемонии награждения конкурса "Фавориты Успеха"" [Vladislav Kurasov is at the 11 Award ceremony of Favorites of Success] (in Russian).
- ^ "Favor UA 2013 Vote Results in Young Talent Category" (in Russian).
- ^ "Состоялась 11 церемония награждения победителей конкурса Фавориты Успеха" [11-th Award Ceremony of Favorites of Success] (in Russian).
- ^ "Владислав Курасов получил престижный титул UNSIGNED ONLY MUSIC COMPETITION 2014" [Vladislav Kurasov obtained a prestige title from Unsigned Only Music competition].
- ^ Reid, Amy. "Congratulations to this Weeks Beat100 Music Video Chart Number One 'Ya Bolen Toboy' by Vladislav Kurasov Followed by HeadShy & Silent Company!". Beat100. Beat100. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
- ^ "Beat 100 Vladislav Kurasov Page". Beat 100. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
- ^ Reid, Amy. "Congratulations to this Weeks Beat100 Music Video Chart Number One 'Ya Bolen Toboy' by Vladislav Kurasov Followed by HeadShy & Silent Company!". Beat 100. Retrieved February 16, 2015.
- ^ Reid, Amy. "Congratulations to this Weeks Beat100 Music Video Chart Number One 'Ya Bolen Toboy' by Vladislav Kurasov Followed by HeadShy & Silent Company!". Beat 100. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
External links
edit- "Official Site" (in Russian).
- Курасов Владислав [Vladislav Kurasov] (in Russian).Argumenty i Fakty
- Владислав Курасов: "Когда объявили, что победитель я, мне стало как-то неудобно" [Vladislav Kurasov:"When they announced that I was the winner, I felt kind of awkward"] (in Russian).Fakty i Kommentarii
- Владислав Курасов выболтал свой секрет [Vladislav Kurasov Gave Away His Secret] (in Russian).
- Дебютный клип Влада Курасова выйдет уже в апреле [The Vladislav Kurasov Debut Clip Will be Released in April] (in Russian). 5 April 2013.Komsomolskaya Pravda in Ukraine
- Звёздные встречи. Владислав Курасов: Для артиста самое главное- развиваться [Interview with the Star:VladislavKurasov: Most Important thing for the artist is to continue to grow] (in Russian). pp. 13–17.
- Владислав Курасов:"Я не хочу стать звездой [Vladislav Kurasov:" I Don't Want to be a Star"] (PDF) (in Russian). p. 34.