In chemistry, the terms volatile acid (or volatile fatty acid (VFA)) and volatile acidity (VA) are used somewhat differently in various application areas.
Wine
editIn wine chemistry, the volatile acids are those that can be separated from wine through steam distillation.[1] Many factors influence the level of VA, but the growth of spoilage bacteria and yeasts are the primary source and consequently VA is often used to quantify the degree of wine oxidation and spoilage.[2]
Acetic acid is the primary volatile acid in wine, but smaller amounts of lactic, formic, butyric, propionic acid, carbonic acid (from carbon dioxide), and sulfurous acid (from sulfur dioxide) may be present and contribute to VA;[2][3][4] in analysis, measures may be taken to exclude or correct for the VA due to carbonic, sulfuric, and sorbic acids.[1][5] Other acids present in wine, including malic and tartaric acid are considered non-volatile or fixed acids. Together volatile and non-volatile acidity compromise total acidity.[1]
Classical analysis for VA involves distillation in a Cash or Markham still, followed by titration with standardized sodium hydroxide, and reporting of the results as acetic acid.[1][6][7] Several alternatives to the classical analysis have been developed.
While VA is typically considered a wine flaw or fault, winemakers may intentionally allow a small amount of VA in their product for its contribution to the wine's sensory complexity.[3] Excess VA is difficult for winemakers to correct.[1] In the some countries, including the United States, European Union, and Australia, the law sets a limit on the level of allowable VA.[1][7][8]
Wastewater
editIn wastewater treatment, the volatile acids are the short chain fatty acids (1-6 carbon atoms) that are water soluble and can be steam distilled at atmospheric pressure - primarily acetic, proprionic, and butyric acid.[9] These acids are produced during anaerobic digestion.[10][11] In a well functioning digester, the volatile acids will be consumed by the methane forming bacteria.[12] Volatile acid/alkalinity ratio is often measured as one indicator of a digester's condition.[13] The acceptable level of volatile fatty acids in environmental waters is up to 50,000 ppm.[14]
Volatile fatty acids can be analyzed by titration, distillation, steam distillation, or chromatography.[15] Titration provides approximate but relatively quick results; it is widely used by wastewater treatment plants to track a status of a digestor. Distillation similarly is used in wastewater treatment plants and produces approximate results; 15-32% of the VFAs are lost during distillation. Steam distillation can recover 92-98% of a samples VFA. This method is more precise than previous two methods, but requires about 4 hours to complete. Chromatography gives the most precise and accurate results. It is capable of qualitatively and quantitatively analyzing each individual VFA.
Physiology
editIn physiology, volatile acid (or respiratory acid) refers to carbonic acid, a product of dissolved carbon dioxide. In this context, volatile indicates that it can be expelled as a gas through the lungs.[16][17] Carbonic acid is the only physiologically volatile acid; all other acids are physiologically nonvolatile acids (also known as a fixed or metabolic acids). Volatile acid results from the aerobic oxidation of substances such as carbohydrates and fatty acids.[18]
Butter
editVolatile acid concentration can be used to detect adulteration of butter with less expensive fats. Butterfat has uncommonly high levels of volatile butyric and caproic acids, and mixing with fats from other sources dilutes the volatile acids. A measurement of the volatile acids is known as the Reichert Meissel value.[19][20][21]
Nutrition and digestion
editIn digestion, volatile acids or volatile fatty acids are short chain fatty acids. They are especially important in the digestion of ruminant animals, where they result from the action of rumen flora, and are abosorbed as an energy source by the animal.
Industrial hygiene
editIn workplace air samples, concentrations of hydrochloric, hydrobromic, and nitric acid may be monitored as hazardous volatile acids.[22]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f Zoecklein, B. W. (2012). "Volatile acidity". Production Wine Analysis. United States: Springer US. ISBN 9781461581482.
- ^ a b Gump, B. H.; Nury, F. S.; Zoecklein, B.; Fugelsang, K. C. (1995). "Volatile Acidity". Wine Analysis and Production. Netherlands: Springer.
- ^ a b Waterhouse Lab (March 2019). "What's in Wine?: Volatile Acidity". UC Davis. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
- ^ "Volatile acidity" (PDF). Grapegrower & Winemaker. No. 648. Australia: Winetitles Media. January 2018. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
- ^ International Organisation of Vine and Wine (2022). "Volatile Acidity (Type-I)". Compendium of International Methods of Wine and Must Analysis. Paris: OIV. ISBN 978-2-85038-052-5.
- ^ "History of the Cash Still and the Volatile Acidity Still (RD80)". Adams & Chittenden Scientific Glass Coop. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
- ^ a b Buick, D.; Holdstock, M. (2003). "The relationship between acetic acid and volatile acidity". AWRI Technical Review. 143: 39–43.
- ^ Kelly, Molly; Gardener, Denise M. (2020). "What Is Volatile Acidity?". Penn State Extension. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
- ^ American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation (2018). "5560 Organic and Volatile Acids". Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater (23rd ed.).
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Office of Water Programs. "Volatile acids". Glossary of Water and Wastewater Terms. California State University, Sacramento.
- ^ Wastewater Management Program (2022). "Volatile Acids and Alkalinity". Laboratory Manual for Wastewater Analyses. Department of Environmental Conservation, Agency of Natural Resources, State of Vermont.
- ^ Schnaars, Ken (2012). "What every operator should know about anaerobic digestion". Water Environment & Technology. No. December.
- ^ Hauser, B. (2018). "Volatile Acids/Alkalinity". Practical Manual of Wastewater Chemistry. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-42259-8.
- ^ Determination of Volatile Fatty Acids in Environmental Aqueous Samples, by Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk
- ^ (Water Environment Research, page 53-59, Anderson, G.K. and Yang G. (1992))
- ^ Brandis, Kerry (2015). "Acid-Base Balance". Acid Base Physiology. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
- ^ TheFreeDictionary (2009). "volatile acid". Medical Dictionary. Farlex and Partners.
- ^ Johnston, D. G.; Alberti, K. G. M. M. (1983-07-01). "Acid-base balance in metabolic acidoses". Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism. Metabolic Acidosis. 12 (2): 267–285. doi:10.1016/S0300-595X(83)80041-3. ISSN 0300-595X. PMID 6409464. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
- ^ Wiley, H. W. (1907). "Milk and Milk Products and Oleomargarine". Foods and Their Adulteration: Origin, Manufacture, and Composition of Food Products; Description of Common Adulterations, Food Standards, and National Food Laws and Regulations. Washington, DC: DigiCat.
- ^ Rutz, W. M. D.; Martin, W. H.; Whitnah, C. H. (1955-04-01). "Reichert-Meissl Numbers of Butterfat from Commercial Products Produced in Kansas1". Journal of Dairy Science. 38 (4): 387–390. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(55)94989-4. ISSN 0022-0302.
- ^ The American Oil Chemists' Society (2020). "AOCS Official Method Cd 5-40: Reichert-Meissl, Polenske, and Kirschner Values, Modified AOAC Methods". Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS (7th ed.). American Oil Chemists' Society. ISBN 978-1-63067-060-3.
- ^ Andrews, Ronnee; Fey O’Connor, Paula, eds. (2020). "Volatile Acids by Ion Chromatography: METHOD 7907". NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (5th ed.). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.