William Wallace Campbell (April 11, 1862 – June 14, 1938) was an American astronomer, and director of Lick Observatory from 1901 to 1930. He specialized in spectroscopy.[1][2][3] He was the tenth president of the University of California from 1923 to 1930.
William Wallace Campbell | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | April 11, 1862 Hancock County, Ohio |
| Died | June 14, 1938 (aged 76) San Francisco, California |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan (B.S.) |
| Known for | Spectroscopy, University President |
| Spouse | Elizabeth Ballard Thompson |
| Children | Wallace, Douglas, Kenneth |
| Awards | Lalande Medal, Gold Medal of the RAS, Draper Medal, Janssen Medal, Bruce Medal |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Astronomy |
| Institutions | University of California, Berkeley |
Biography
editHe was born on a farm in Hancock County, Ohio, the son of Robert Wilson and Harriet Welsh Campbell. After a few years of local schooling he entered in 1882 the University of Michigan to study civil engineering, graduating Bachelor of Science in 1886. Whilst at university he developed his interest in astronomy when he read Simon Newcomb's Popular Astronomy.[4]
After graduating he was appointed Professor of Mathematics at the University of Colorado but soon moved back to Michigan as an instructor in astronomy. In 1891 he was invited to work on spectroscopy at Lick Observatory in California. Campbell was a pioneer of astronomical spectroscopy and catalogued the radial velocities of stars. He was also recognized for his work in solar eclipse photography. In 1893 he discovered the Wolf–Rayet star HD 184738 (also known as Campbell's hydrogen envelope star).[5][6] He was made a director of Lick Observatory from 1901 to 1930.
In August 1914, Campbell and Erwin Freundlich of the Berlin Observatory were in Russia to photograph a solar eclipse, in an early attempt to test the validity of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. The outbreak of World War I (and in particular Germany's declaration of war against Russia) led to the seizure of Freundlich and his equipment in the Crimea by Russian officers. Campbell, from neutral America, was permitted to continue with his plans, but cloud cover obscured the eclipse. Campbell undertook another attempt to photograph a solar eclipse on June 8, 1918, in Goldendale, in Washington state. But his precision photographic equipment had been retained in Russia four years earlier, and he had to improvise the needed apparatus from existing equipment at the Lick Observatory. The cameras he used were not adequate to provide the measurement accuracy needed to confirm the deflection of star light predicted by Einstein's theory.[7] The equipment from Russia was finally shipped back on August 15, 1917, arriving August 21 the following year.[8]
Confirmation of Einstein's theory came in 1919 in the wake of an expedition led by Arthur Eddington to photograph the eclipse of May 29, 1919. But some uncertainty remained, as well as scepticism fueled in part by anti-German sentiment in the wake of World War I. Final and uncontested confirmation is generally dated to Campbell's 1922 Lick Observatory expedition to Australia to photograph the solar eclipse.[9] Campbell's report of the results state that the observations "furnish a value … which agrees exactly with Einstein's prediction."[10]
He served as 10th President of the University of California from 1923 to 1930. He also served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1923 to 1926. He served three terms as president of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (in 1895, 1909 and 1918).
He committed suicide in California at the age of 76 by leaping to his death from a fourth-story window in San Francisco.[11][12] He was mostly blind and suffering from bouts of aphasia. This was not only very frustrating to him, but he felt that it left him a burden to his family in terms of care and expense, according to notes he left behind at the time of his death. He married Elizabeth Ballard Thompson in 1892; they had three sons (one of them was WWI ace Douglas Campbell).
Honors and awards
edit- Elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (1902)[13]
- Lalande Medal of the French Academy of Sciences (1903)
- Elected Member of the American Philosophical Society (1903)[14]
- Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences (1906)[15]
- Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1906)[16]
- Janssen Medal (1910)
- Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1911)[17]
- Bruce Medal (1915)[18]
- Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London[19] (1918)
- Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1920)[20]
- Trustee of the Carnegie Institution (1929–1938)[21]
- Crater Campbell on the Moon[22]
- Crater on Mars[23]
- Asteroid 2751 Campbell
- Campbell Hall on the University of California, Berkeley campus
Crocker expeditions led by Campbell
editCharles Frederick Crocker and William Henry Crocker financed numerous Lick-Crocker solar eclipse expeditions. Campbell led several of these expeditions.[24]
- Solar eclipse of January 22, 1898, Jeur, Maharashtra, India
- Solar eclipse of May 28, 1900, Thomaston, Georgia
- Solar eclipse of August 30, 1905, Alhama, Spain
- Solar eclipse of January 3, 1908, Flint Island, Kiribati
- Solar eclipse of August 21, 1914, Brovary, Ukraine
- Solar eclipse of June 8, 1918, Goldendale, Washington
- Solar eclipse of September 21, 1922, Wallal, Australia
Family
editHe married Elizabeth Ballard Thompson in 1892;[3] they had three sons (one of them was WWI ace Douglas Campbell).[citation needed] Elizabeth contributed greatly to Campbell's work and played an important role in his success as a scientist. She adopted the role of hostess during his time as director of the Lick Observatory, also undertaking public relations work on behalf of the Observatory by writing letters to staff and potential donors and supporters of her husband's work. Elizabeth organised many of the expeditions that Campbell led, arranging the expedition members travel, food, supplies and living quarters. She contributed to the work of the expeditions by undertaking astronomical spectroscopy, developing plates and extensively documented the expeditions including writing two manuscripts.[25]
References
edit- ^ Aitken, R. G. (1938). "William Wallace Campbell, 1862-1938". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 50 (296): 204. Bibcode:1938PASP...50..204A. doi:10.1086/124927.
- ^ Moore, J. H. (1939). "William Wallace Campbell, 1862-1938". The Astrophysical Journal. 89: 143. Bibcode:1939ApJ....89..143M. doi:10.1086/144035.
- ^ a b MNRAS 99 (1939) 317 Obituary
- ^ Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved August 22, 2012.[1]
- ^ Campbell, W. W. (1894). "The Wolf-Rayet stars". Astronomy and Astro-Physics. 13: 448–476 (specifically p. 461). Bibcode:1894AstAp..13..448C.
- ^ Swings, P.; Struve, O. (1940). "HD 167362, an object similar to Campbell's hydrogen envelope star" (PDF). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 26 (7): 454–458. Bibcode:1940PNAS...26..454S. doi:10.1073/pnas.26.7.454. PMC 1078208. PMID 16588382.
- ^ Earman, John and Glymour, Clark (1980). "Relativity and eclipses: the British eclipse expeditions of 1919 and their predecessors", Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 49-85.
- ^ Campbell, W. W. (October 1918). "The Return of Eclipse Instruments from Russia". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 30 (177): 312. Bibcode:1918PASP...30..312C. doi:10.1086/122763. S2CID 120834946.
- ^ Burgess, A. (August 11, 2017). "The 1922 Eclipse Adventure That Sought to Confirm the Theory of Relativity", Atlas Obscura. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
- ^ Campbell, W. W. (1928). "Observations made with a pair of five-foot cameras on the light- deflections in the Sun's gravitational field at the total eclipse of September 21, 1922". Lick Observatory Bulletin. 397: 160.[2]
- ^ NNDB
- ^ "UC Presidents." University of California. University of California, 04/27/2007. Web. 1 Sep 2011. Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "William Campbell". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
- ^ "Henry Draper Medal". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
- ^ Awarding of RAS gold medal: MNRAS 66 (1906) 245
- ^ "William Wallace Campbell". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 2023-02-09. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
- ^ Crawford, R. T. (1915). "Address upon the Presentation of the Bruce Gold Medal to Dr. W. W. CAMPBELL". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 27 (160): 153. Bibcode:1915PASP...27..153C. doi:10.1086/122422. S2CID 123267305.
- ^ Dyson, F. W. (1939). "William Wallace Campbell. 1862-1938". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 2 (7): 612–626. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1939.0021.
- ^ C D Waterston; A Macmillan Shearer (July 2006). Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1783–2002: Part 1 (A–J) (PDF). Royal Society of Edinburgh. ISBN 090219884X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
- ^ Carnegie Institution of Washington. Year Book No. 47, July 1, 1947 – June 30, 1948 (PDF). Washington, DC. 1948. p. vi.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Campbell on Moon". planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov. IAU. 2010-10-18.
- ^ "Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Campbell on Mars". planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov. IAU. 2010-11-17.
- ^ "List of solar eclipse expeditions". The Adolfo Stahl Lectures in astronomy, delivered in San Francisco, 1916-1917 and 1917-1918. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 1919. p. 65.
- ^ Schaumberg, D. E.; Osterbrock, D. E. (1993). "Mount Hamilton's Lady Bountiful: Elizabeth Ballard Campbell". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 25: 932–933. Bibcode:1993AAS...182.8004S.
