The waira (わいら) is a Japanese yōkai from Japanese emaki such as the Hyakkai Zukan by Sawaki Suushi and the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō (1776) by Sekien Toriyama.
Concept
editIn the Hyakkai Zukan (1737, Sawaki Suushi), Bakemonozukushi (化物づくし) (artist and year unknown, owned by Rei Kagaya), the Bakemono Emaki (化物絵巻) (artist and year unknown, owned by the Kawasaki City Museum), the Hyakki Yagyō Emaki (1832, Oda Yoshitarō), it is depicted with the body of a giant ox and thick sharp claws growing on each of its front legs. Each of these emaki have no explanatory text besides their name, and furthermore there do not exist any documents recording any folk legends about them, so it is unknown what kind of yōkai these were intending to depict.[1] All of the pictures depict only the upper body, and there have been no pictures found that depict its lower half, so it is unknown what its whole body looks like.[1]
According to the Edo Period writing Kiyū Shōran (嬉遊笑覧), it can be seen that one of the yōkai that it notes is depicted in the Bakemono E (化物絵) drawn by Kōhōgen Motonobu is one by the name of "waira."[1]
Starting in the Shōwa and Heisei periods, yōkai-related literature and children's yōkai picture book references started to give three kinds of explanations, that they are a yōkai of unknown true identity,[2][3] that they are a large yōkai that live in the mountains and use the large claws on their front legs to dig up small animals like mogura (moles) to eat,[4][5][6] and that they are a large yōkai in the mountains that attack and eat humans,[7] among other explanations.
The art historian Nobuo Tsuji, writing about the Bakemonozukushi (artist and year unknown, owned by Rei Kagaya), notes that the picture of the "waira" in this emaki (in the emaki, it is written はいら, see image) depicts a "green monster that looks like a changed toad,"[8][2] and some explanatory text starting in the Heisei period have also stated that it is a toad that has gained spiritual power from age, and that their bodies are green,[9] and so on.
The yōkai researcher Katsumi Tada notes that "wai" (畏) means "fear" or "dread," and "wairai" (畏畾) means "to grow meek from fear" or "become afraid on the spot," which is related to the waira's groveling appearance.[1] Furthermore, both the Hyakkai Zukan and the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō put the "waira" alongside the "otoroshi", so it can be interpreted that the "waira" (恐い, fear) and "otoroshi" (恐ろしい, dread) are two yōkai that make up a pair.[10]
Legend
editThere is the idea that waira were spotted in the mountains eating moles (mogura), with males being brown and females being red,[5] but according to the yōkai researchers Katsumi Tada and Kenji Murakami, this idea originally came from a children's book series "Obake Bunko" (おばけ文庫, "Monster Library") (1976, Taihei Publications) by Norio Yamada where there is an entry on the "Waira" in one of the volumes, so this is something that Yamada made up.[11][12] However, Yamada asserts that he did not simply make it up, and simply forgot the original source, but did see it from somewhere.[13]
Ushi-kawazu
editThe Bakemonozukushi Emaki (化け物尽し絵巻) (from the Edo Period, now in private possession and entrusted to a museum of the Fukuoka Prefecture), considered to be a yōkai emaki that was made for putting captions on previously existing yōkai pictures seen in emakimono, the otoroshi was introduced under the name of "ushi-kawazu" (牛かわず) (for unknown reasons, all the yōkai in this emaki had their names changed). In this caption, they are stated to live in ponds and eat humans, but this is not seen in any other references or legends.[14]
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d 京極夏彦・多田克己編 (2000). 妖怪図巻. 国書刊行会. pp. 132–133頁、153頁. ISBN 978-4-336-04187-6.
- ^ a b 稲田篤信・田中直日編 (1992). 鳥山石燕 画図百鬼夜行. 高田衛監修. 国書刊行会. p. 80. ISBN 978-4-336-03386-4.
- ^ 粕三平『お化け図絵』1973年 芳賀書店 176頁
- ^ 藤沢衛彦 編『妖怪画談全集 日本篇』上 中央美術社 1929年 32頁 「好んでモグラを掘り食ふ」と記されている。
- ^ a b 水木しげる (1994) [1991]. 図説 日本妖怪大全. 講談社+α文庫. 講談社. p. 495. ISBN 978-4-06-256049-8.
- ^ 多田克己 (1990). 幻想世界の住人たち. Truth In Fantasy. Vol. IV. 新紀元社. p. 86. ISBN 978-4-915146-44-2.
- ^ 聖咲奇『世界の妖怪全百科』小学館（コロタン文庫）1981年 123頁 ISBN 4-09-281062-8
- ^ "Muimi na Mono no Keishōka: Bakemonozukushi" (無気味なものの形象化・化物づくし) Bijutsu Techō (美術手帖), issue 240, Bijutsu Publications, 1964, August, pages 25-31. It only quotes "it is a green monster that is the changed toad" from the explanatory text given to the "Waira" in Toriyama Sekien Gazu Hyakki Yagyō (Kokushokankokai Inc., 1992)
- ^ 草野巧 (1997). 幻想動物事典. 新紀元社. p. 336. ISBN 978-4-88317-283-2.
- ^ 妖怪ドットコム (2008). 図説 妖怪辞典. 幻冬舎コミックス. p. 90. ISBN 978-4-344-81486-8.
- ^ 京極夏彦・多田克己・村上健司 (2008) [2001]. 完全復刻 妖怪馬鹿. 新潮文庫. 新潮社. pp. 311–312. ISBN 978-4-10-135351-7.
- ^ 村上健司編著 (2000). 妖怪事典. 毎日新聞社. p. 367. ISBN 978-4-620-31428-0.
- ^ 京極夏彦 (2005). 京極夏彦対談集 妖怪大談義. 角川書店. p. 184. ISBN 978-4-048-83925-9.
- ^ 兵庫県立歴史博物館, 京都国際マンガミュージアム, ed. (2009). 図説 妖怪画の系譜. ふくろうの本. 河出書房新社. p. 53. ISBN 978-4-309-76125-1.