"Waiting for the Barbarians" (Περιμένοντας τοὺς Bαρβάρους) is a Greek poem by Constantine P. Cavafy. It was written in November 1898 and printed around December 1904, as a private pamphlet.[1] This poem falls under the umbrella of historical poems Cavafy created in his anthology.
Story
editThis poem describes a city-state in decline, whose population and legislators are waiting for the arrival of the “Barbarians”. When night falls, the barbarians have not arrived. The poem ends: “What is to become of us without Barbarians? Those people were a solution of a sort.” The poem influenced literary works such as The Tartar Steppe by Dino Buzzati (1940), The Opposing Shore (1951) by Julien Gracq, and Waiting for the Barbarians (1980) by J. M. Coetzee.[2]
The questions stated in the poem are all in fifteen-syllable lines, whilst the answers mostly occur in twelve-syllable - sometimes thirteen-syllable - lines. The conclusion is in thirteen-syllable lines.[1] Cavafy himself said that the barbarians are a symbol in this work: "the emperor, the senators and the orators are not necessarily Roman."[1]
Excerpt
edit| Original Greek | Transliteration | English Translation |
|---|---|---|
| Γιατί οι Βάρβαροι θα φθάσουν σήμερα. Κι ο αυτοκράτωρ περιμένει να δεχθεί τον αρχηγό τους. Μάλιστα ετοίμασε για να τον δώσει μια περγαμηνή. Εκεί τον έγραψε τίτλους πολλούς κι ονόματα… | Giatí oi várvaroi tha fthásoun símera. Ki o aftokrátor periménei na dechteí ton archigó tous. Málista etoímase gia na ton dósei mia pergaminí. Ekeí ton ègrapse títlous polloús ki onómata… | Because the Barbarians are coming today and the emperor is waiting to receive them and their general. And he has even made ready a parchment to present them, and there on he has written many names and many titles… |
Techniques
editIrony
editA big focus for many of Cavafy's political poems consist of irony, or at times dramatic irony.[3]
The first speaker appears to act in a naïve manner, and the second, in comparison, seems sophisticated.[3] In reality, as the conclusions implies, no citizen in the city is acting with solid or with enough information.[4] Instead, these citizens are all behaving in accordance to their expectations of what they believe the barbarians will look as well as behave like. At the same time, the poet is showcasing how sometimes politicians can appear clueless or distant from their country's problem and sugar-coat their misfortunes with their opulence.[4][5] Neither the senate nor the emperor provide any positive action. In their passive roles they are like the people they lead, they are waiting for the intervention of an external force.[3]
Imagery
editThe imagery of the poem presents a complex civilization, wealthy and prosperous, that has peaked to the point of its inevitable downfall.[4][5] Nowhere does the poet explicitly state his opinion. On the contrary, he prefers understatement and irony, allowing adjectives such as “embroidered,” “magnificent,” and “elegant,” used to describe togas and jewelry.[4] This conveys the grandiose, yet static quality of this civilization, which at this point in its development can do no more than display itself.[4]
History
editThe poem was written in November 1898 and first published in 1904.[6] It has since been translated into several languages and has inspired numerous other works. Daniel Mendelsohn (one of many translators who has produced an English version of "Waiting")[7] has said that the poem's portrayal of a state whose lawmakers sit in stagnant idleness was "particularly prescient" in light of the United States federal government shutdown of 2013.[5]
Robert Pinsky has described it as "cunning" and "amusing".[8] Charles Simić has called it "an apt description of any state that needs enemies, real or imaginary, as a perpetual excuse",[6] while the Independent considered the poem's final line evocative of "the dangers implied by the end of the Cold War".[9]
Homages
editJ. M. Coetzee's 1980 novel Waiting for the Barbarians is named for the poem,[10][11] as are Waiting for the Barbarians, the 1998 essay collection by Lewis H. Lapham[9] and Waiting for the Barbarians, the 2013 essay collection by Daniel Mendelsohn.[12] American composer Philip Glass has also written an opera of the same name based on the Coetzee novel which premiered in September 2005 at Theater Erfurt, Germany.
Peter Carey's 1981 novel Bliss sees Lucy's young Communist boyfriend Kenneth quoting the first stanza directly from John Mavrogordato's translation.
Anaal Nathrakh's 2006 album Eschaton has a song named after the poem.
Await Barbarians, the 2014 album by Alexis Taylor, is also named for the poem;[13] similarly, that album's song "Without a Crutch" alludes directly to it.[13]
In 2011, Andrew Ford adapted the poem into a choral work.[14][7] In 2012, Constantine Koukias adapted it into an opera, "The Barbarians".[15]
References
edit- ^ a b c Voices of modern Greece : selected poems. Constantine Cavafy, Edmund Keeley, Philip Sherrard. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 1981. ISBN 978-0-691-23424-3. OCLC 767562225.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "The Politics of Barbarism", Barbarism Revisited, BRILL, pp. 377–383, 2015-01-01, doi:10.1163/9789004309272_022, ISBN 9789004309272, retrieved 2023-02-21
- ^ a b c "Waiting for the Barbarians Analysis - eNotes.com". eNotes. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
- ^ a b c d e xdalgarno (2015-06-15). "Let's Explore… Waiting for the Barbarians by Constantine Cavafy". Let's Explore... Literature. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
- ^ a b c “Waiting for the Barbarians” and the Government Shutdown, by Daniel Mendelsohn, in the New Yorker; published October 1, 2013; retrieved March 7, 2015
- ^ a b Some Sort of a Solution: Charles Simic reviews 'The Collected Poems' by C.P. Cavafy, translated by Evangelos Sachperoglou and 'The Canon' by C.P. Cavafy, translated by Stratis Haviaras; by Charles Simić; in the London Review of Books (vol. 30, no. 6; page 32-34); published March 20, 2008 ; retrieved March 7, 2015
- ^ a b Andrew Ford: Waiting for the Barbarians Archived 2016-12-24 at the Wayback Machine, by Andrew Ford, at AndrewFord.net.au; published no later than March 6, 2012; retrieved March 7, 2015
- ^ Waiting for the Barbarians (by Constantine Cavafy), by Robert Pinsky; in Slate; published June 26, 1997; retrieved March 7, 2015
- ^ a b Wednesday's book: Waiting for the Barbarians by Lewis Lapham (Verso, pounds 17) by Godfrey Hodgson ; in the Independent; published January 14, 1998; retrieved March 7, 2015
- ^ Konstantinos Kavaphes (Constantine Cavafy) · Waiting for the Barbarians (Translated by Richmond Lattimore), at the Kenyon Review; first published no later than March 6, 2012 (date of earliest version on archive.org); retrieved March 7, 2015
- ^ Doubling the Point: Essays and Interviews, by David Attwell; published 1992 by Harvard University Press (via Google Books)
- ^ Waiting for the Barbarians by Daniel Mendelsohn – review, by Christopher Bray, in the Guardian; published January 6, 2013; retrieved March 7, 2015
- ^ a b Don't Write for the Barbarians, by Joe Fassler, in The Atlantic; published July 25, 2014; retrieved March 7, 2015
- ^ Waiting for the Barbarians : SATB choir by Andrew Ford, at the Australian Music Centre; published no later than June 5, 2012; retrieved March 7, 2015
- ^ Greek poet becomes a Greek opera Archived 2016-12-24 at the Wayback Machine, by Stephen Smooker, at NeosKosmos.com; published January 13, 2012; retrieved March 7, 2015
External links
edit- Waiting for the Barbarians in the original Greek, at the Cavafy Archive
- Waiting for the Barbarians, translated into English by Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard
- Waiting for the Barbarians, translated into English by John Cavafy
- Waiting for the Barbarians, translated into English by Stratis Haviaras