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The Basus War (often written al-Basus War; Arabic: حرب البسوس ḥarb al-basūs) was a 40-year conflict between two cousin tribes in Arabia of Late Antiquity. It was caused by the slaughtering of a camel that was owned by a neighboring tribe, and the subsequent killing of the Taghlibi chief that came after it.
| Basus War | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Belligerents | ||||||||
| Banu Taghlib | Banu Bakr and all its subdivisions, including the Banu Shayban | Himyarite Kingdom | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | ||||||||
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| Units involved | ||||||||
| Tribal soldiers from Banu Taghlib | Tribal soldiers from Banu Bakr | At least 500 Himyarite warriors | ||||||
This war is also remembered as a famous aphorism warning against familial discord and other family-related issues including grudges between relatives.
Background
edit
An influential tribal chief and leader of the Banu Taghlib, Kulaib ibn Rabiah, had shot a prized she-camel with his arrow. This camel belonged to a woman named Basus, who was related to the chief of the Banu Shayban, a subdivision of Banu Bakr. Basus wrote and recited a poem which incited the chief of Banu Shayban, Jassas ibn Murrah, against Kulayb ibn Rabi'ah; this resulted in the former stabbing the latter to death.[1][2][3] Kulayb's murder angered the Banu Taghlib, and they attacked and provoked Banu Shayban hence bringing all the subdivisions of Banu Bakr against themselves.[2][3]
Course of conflict
editOn a day known as Yawm al-Hazr, the Banu Taghlib carried out an assault against the Banu Shayban. They were victorious, and majority of the casualties were from the Banu Shayban. Then a few days later, the Banu Taghlib confronted the Arab tribe of Zubaid. No casualties were reported, and later on the Banu Taghlib continued their attacks on Banu Shayban, killing one of the important Banu Shayban members. Gradually, the whole group of Banu Bakr (including all subdivisions) participated in the war against Banu Taghlib. One of the first victories against Banu Taghlib was on a day known as Yawm 'ala Istirad, where a criminal from that tribe was killed.[3][4]
The ultimatum
editSome years later, some of the subdivisions of Banu Bakr pulled out from fighting. This angered the Bakry chief Uday ibn Murrah, who called out all those Bakrys who backed off. Internal dissent occurred amongst the Banu Bakr, but it was eventually resolved. The decision was to retreat and hold a session. Due to the high number of losses, the decision was made for them to retreat, reproduce and then go back to war. So they did, they attacked some forty years later by their fresh younger generations and thats why its referred to as the 40-year-war. It took them forty years to breed a new army and go back and finish off the battle with a final victory.[3][4]
Himyarite involvement
editThe Himyarite ruler Marthad'ilan Yu'nim dispatched at least five hundred soldiers to assist Imru' al-Qays in his mission to reunite the tribes of Taghlib and Banu Bakr, with the goal of fighting against the Banu Asad.[5]
Aftermath and end of conflict
editAfter the Banu Taghlib had suffered several defeats, their leading commander, Abu Layla al-Muhalhel fled but was captured by a Madh'hiji tribe in Yemen and forced to marry a woman from that tribe. The Banu Taghlib tribe eventually dispersed into the lands of Iraq, where they stayed there for the rest of their lives. The fighting soon died down, and by the 530s, the war had already ended.[3][4][6]
Banu Taghlib were the victors of the war at first since they killed most of the Banu Bakr forces. But they eventually capitulated after forty years as Banu Bakr came for retaliation and started the killing again. The poetry that came along the war is documented specifically until our time. [7]
In popular culture
editThe Basus War is referenced as an aphorism against having grudges, family feud, vendettas and violent rivalries.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "This is where the Basous war erupted: "Hima Dhariya" still recalls the sad history of the Arabs, represented by the Basous war that sparked over the killing of a camel". Alarabiya News English. 26 November 2016.
- ^ a b Abu Mansur al-Thalabi (2018). Thimar al-Qulub fi al-Madaf wa al-Mansub. Dar al-Ma'arif.
- ^ a b c d e Ibn Abd Rabbih (1937). Kitāb al-ʿIqd al-Farīd [The Unique Necklace]. Morocco: Maktaba At-Ta'lif At-Taryama Wa'l Nasar.
- ^ a b c Abd al-Qadir al-Baghdadi (1997). Khizānat al-adab wa-lubb lubāb lisān al-ʻArab. Iraq: Al Khanji Library. p. 163.
- ^ Abu Abdullah al-Zanjani. Kitab Sharh al-Tafasir al-Sabi'a. Shamela. p. 26.
- ^ Ibn al-Sayyid al-Batalyusi (2003). al-Hulal fi Sharah 'Abyat al-Jumal. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah. ISBN 2745140000.
- ^ Ahmed Jad Al Mawla (1946). Days Of The Arabs In Pre-Islamic Times (2nd ed.). Egypt: Dar Ihya' al-Kutub al-Arabi.
- ^ Jawad `Ali (1955). Tarikh al-'Arab qabl al-Islam (in Arabic). Majma` al-Ilmi al-Iraqi.