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Warekena (Guarequena), or more precisely Warekena of Xié, is an Arawakan language of Brazil and of Maroa Municipality in Venezuela, spoken near the Guainia River. It is one of several languages which go by the generic name Baré and Baniwa/Baniva – in this case, distinguished as Baniva de Maroa or Baniva de Guainía.
| Warekena | |
|---|---|
| Baniwa of Maroa Baniwa of Guainía | |
| Guarequena | |
| Native to | Brazil, Venezuela |
Native speakers | 650 (2001–2006)[1] ca. 200 (1999)[2] |
Arawakan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | gae |
| Glottolog | guar1293 |
| ELP | Guarequena |
There may be 10 speakers in Brazil and 200 in Venezuela, per Aikhenvald (1999).
Kaufman (1994) classified it in a Warekena group of Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian, Aikhenvald (1999) in Eastern Nawiki.
Personal pronouns in Warekena are formed by adding an emphatic suffix -ya to the cross-referencing personal prefixes.[3]
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cen. | lat. | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ts | k | |||
| voiced | b | d | dz | ɡ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | ʂ | ||||||
| voiced | ʐ | |||||||
| Rhotic | tap | ɾ | ɺ | |||||
| trill | r | |||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||||
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ||
| Low | a |
Grammar
editUnmarked constituent order is AVO, VSo, SaV, or SioV.[3]
wa-hã
then-PAUS
waʃi
jaguar
yutʃia-hã
kill-PAUS
ema
tapir
"Then the jaguar killed the tapir" Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
peya
one
nu-yaɺitua
1sg-brother
wiyua
die
"One of my brothers dies"
nu-yue
1sg-for
mawali
hungry
"I am hungry"
Indirect objects tend to be placed immediately after the predicate.
References
edit- ^ Warekena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Aikhenvald (1999) The Arawak language family.
- ^ a b Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1998). "Warekena". In Derbyshire, Desmond C.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). Handbook of Amazonian Languages. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 225–439. doi:10.1515/9783110822120. Cited in Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 25
- ^ Socorro Sánchez, Marlene (2005). Morfología y sintaxis del Baniva (PhD thesis). Maracaibo: Universidad de los Andes.