Ngardi, also spelt Ngarti or Ngardilj, is an Australian Aboriginal language that is considered moribund. It was previously thought to be an alternative name for the Bunara language, but these are now classified as separate languages. It was/is spoken by the Ngarti people of the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia.
| Ngardi | |
|---|---|
| Ngarti | |
| Native to | Australia |
| Region | Northern Territory and Western Australia |
| Ethnicity | Ngardi |
Native speakers | 3 (2016 census)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | rxd |
| Glottolog | ngar1288 |
| AIATSIS[1] | A121 |
| ELP | Ngardi |
Classification
editCapell (1962) considered Ngardi, Warlpiri, and Warlmanpa to be dialects of a single language. R. M. W. Dixon (2002) grouped Ngardi together with Warlpiri and Warlmanpa in the Yapa group, but admitted that this was based on limited data. McConvell and Laughren (2004) showed that it was in Ngumbin, a closely related group, and this was followed in Honeyman (2005). However, Bowern (2011) listed it as a more distant Wati language.[2]
Tindale shows Ngardi as an alternative name for Bunara language, but Lynette Oates and Arthur Capell showed that Bunara was a separate language. The two languages have now been assigned separate code in AIATSIS's AUSTLANG database.[3][4]
Waringari
editSome old recordings and manuscripts refer to Waringari (or Waiangara) as a language related to Ngardi, but linguists have agreed that it is a geographical name and not the name of a language.[5] Norman Tindale listed Waringari as a pejorative name for the Ngarti people,[6] as well as for the Yeidji,[7] the Worla[8] and the Warlpiri, suggesting that they were cannibals.[9]
Phonology
editVowels
edit| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | u |
| Low | a | |
Consonants
edit| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Velar | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
| Stop | p | k | c | t | ʈ |
| Nasal | m | ŋ | ɲ | n | ɳ |
| Lateral | ʎ | l | ɭ | ||
| Rhotic | r | ɻ | |||
| Semivowel | w | j | |||
See also
edit- Ngururrpa, a grouping of peoples of language groups including Ngardi
References
edit- ^ a b A121 Ngardi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Bowern, Claire. 2011 "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, December 23, 2011 (corrected February 6, 2012)
- ^ A121 Ngardi at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ A69 Bunara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ A63 Waringari at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Tindale 1974, p. 234.
- ^ Tindale 1974, p. 243.
- ^ Tindale 1974, p. 255.
- ^ Tindale 1974, p. 237.
Sources
edit- Capell, A. (1962). Some linguistic types in Australia. Sydney: Oceania Publications.
- Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Honeyman, Tom (2005). Topic and Focus in Ngardi. thesis. University of Sydney.
- McConvell and Laughren (2004) "The Ngumpin-Yapa subgroup". In Claire Bowern & Harold Koch, Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Ngardi (NT)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.
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