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Transport in Pakistan

(Redirected from Water transport in Pakistan)

Transport in Pakistan (Urdu: پاکِستان میں نقل و حمل) is extensive and varied. In recent years, new national highways have been built, with the addition of motorways which have improved trade and logistics within the country. Pakistan's rail network is also undergoing expansion in recent years. Airports and seaports have been built with the addition of foreign and domestic funding. Transportation challenges in Pakistan are escalating due to poor planning, inadequate governance, and corrupt practices.[1]

Pakistan transport network

History

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Lahore Junction Railway Station, c.1895.

The history of transport in modern-day Pakistan dates back to the Indus Valley civilization.

The Grand Trunk Road was a major road commissioned by Sher Shah Suri in the 16th century and used during the Suri and Mughal periods. Trees were planted, and mosques and temples built along the road. Caravanserais were built for travelers to spend the night.

Railways and Airways were developed during the British Raj. The first railways in Pakistan were built from 1885.

Road

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Main article: Roads in Pakistan
 
Roadway network of Pakistan

Motorways

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Main article: Motorways of Pakistan
 
The motorway passes through the Salt Range mountains

The construction of motorways began in the early 1990s, with the idea of building a world-class road network and reducing the load on the heavily used national highways throughout the country. The M-2 was the first motorway completed in 1998, linking the cities of Islamabad and Lahore. In the past 5 years, many new motorways have opened up, including the M-1 and M-4. The M4 is operational and connects the cities of Pindi Bhatian (M-2), Faisalabad and Multan via Gojra, Toba Tek Singh, Jhang, Shorkot, Pir Mahal and Khanewal. In 2019 M-3 became operational, which connects Lahore with Multan through Abdul Hakeem and the existing M4 near Multan. It terminates at the M5, which became operational in 2019. The M-5 lead to the Sukkur District of Sindh. There, the M-6 (which is proposed with construction work to begin soon) will start; the M6 will end at Hyderabad, where it will meet the existing M9 motorway to Karachi. In addition to this, the M-8 in Baluchistan province, the longest motorway of Pakistan, is half under construction, half operational. In central Punjab, the Lahore-Sialkot Motorway (M-11) opened on 18 March 2020 and in KPK province, the Hakka-Dera Ismail Khan Motorway (M14) is also under construction. Swat Motorway has been completed and operational up to Chakdarra. Hazara Motorway one more expressway under construction in KPK province.

  • Total: 263,775 km
    • Paved: 152,033 km (Including 1600 km of Motorway and 300 km of Expressways)
    • Unpaved: 105,650 km (2001)
    • Vehicles on road: 4.2 million vehicles 250,000 commercial vehicles (2004 estimate)

National Highways

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Main article: National Highways of Pakistan
 
National Highways, Motorways & Strategic Roads of Pakistan.
 
Jingle trucks on Karakoram Highway

During the 1990s, Pakistan began an ongoing project to rebuild all national highways throughout the country specifically to important financial, cargo and textile centers. The National Highway Authority or NHA is responsible for the maintenance of all national highways in Pakistan.

  • The Makran Coastal Highway follows the coast of Sindh and Balochistan provinces, linking Karachi and Gwadar. Journey time has been reduced to six or seven hours with the construction of the new Coastal Highway. The highway was built as part of an overall plan to improve transport facilities in southern Balochistan.
  • The Karakoram Highway is the highest paved international road in the world. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass.
  • The Grand Trunk Road (commonly abbreviated to GT Road) is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For several centuries, it has linked the eastern and western regions of the South Asia, running from Teknaf in Bangladesh, entering West Bengal, India travelling across to north India, into Peshawar in Pakistan.
  • The Silk Road is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, including North Africa and Europe. It passes through the midsection of Pakistan through cities: Peshawar, Taxila and Multan.

Expressways

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Main article: Expressways of Pakistan

Provincial Highways

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Flyovers and Underpasses

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Main article: List of flyovers in Pakistan

Many flyovers and underpasses are located in major urban areas of the country to regulate the flow of traffic. The highest number of flyovers and under passes are located in Karachi, followed by Lahore.[2] Other cities having flyovers and underpasses for the regulation of flow of traffic includes Islamabad-Rawalpindi, Peshawar, Gujranwala, Multan, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Quetta, Sargodha, Bahawalpur, Sukkur, Larkana, Rahim Yar Khan and Sahiwal etc.[3][4][5][6]

Beijing Underpass, Lahore is the longest underpass of Pakistan with a length of about 1.3 km (0.81 mi).[7] Muslim Town Flyover, Lahore is the longest flyover of the country with a length of about 2.6 km (1.6 mi).[8]

Buses

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See also: List of bus routes in Lahore

Within cities, buses provide a significant role in commuting a large number of travelers from one city to another. Recently, large CNG buses have been put onto the streets of various cities, primarily Karachi and Lahore, and recently Islamabad,Peshawar as the minivans which were originally used were beginning to cause large traffic problems. Private yellow and white minivans have services throughout cities in Pakistan and get commuters from one point of the city to the other at a low cost. Since 2000, however, the government has taken a comprehensive initiative to modernize the existing bus fleets and minimally impact the environment. This public-private enterprise would gradually introduce 8,000 CNG buses throughout the country and 800 buses in Karachi. This venture will ensure high standards of efficiency and cleanliness.[9]

  • Inter city

Bus service in urban areas and between cities is well established with services run by both public and private sectors.

  • International

International bus services are also well established in Pakistan and connect to various countries:

Taxis

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Another very common form of transport, seen mainly at hotels and airports, are yellow taxis. Drivers charge according to a meter located on the dashboard of the car, but fares can be negotiated if there is no meter. The cab drivers are reliable and will take passengers to any destination required.

There are also numerous privately run services that use cars and minibuses of various types throughout Pakistan, providing a reliable and quick means of transport. Recently, the Radio Cab was introduced in Pakistan, which allows riders to call a toll-free number to get in touch with the closest taxi stand. This service is currently offered in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Karachi, Peshawar and Lahore. Services for Hyderabad and Faisalabad are now being set up. Another local cab service was introduced in August, 2017 with the name iCAB, claiming to be the first cab service of the country with a centralized platform for all kinds of road transportation services, providing app-based services and getting stupendous response from the people of Pakistan. Launched from the capital territory, iCAB will expand its operations to overall 13 cities of the country.

Cars

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Over the years, the number of cars on Pakistani roads has tripled[as of?][citation needed]. Traffic jams are a common scene in major cities across Pakistan. The most popular cars on Pakistani roads are the Suzuki Mehran, Suzuki Cultus, Suzuki Alto, Suzuki Bolan, Daihatsu Coure, Hyundai Santro, Honda Civic, Honda City, Honda Accord, Toyota Corolla, Daihatsu Mira, Nissan Dayz, Toyota Vitz, Kia Sportage, Kia Picanto, Hyundai Elantra, Toyota Fortuner, Toyota Hilux Revo

Luxury SUVs and cars are owned by the elite in urban cities and by many large landowners in the villages and rural areas, thus making them a fairly common sight in Pakistan. The most popular models are the Toyota Land Cruiser, Toyota Prado, Land Rover Range Rover, along with several Mercedes-Benzes, BMWs and Audis.

Future cars

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Students and teachers from the National University of Science and Technology developed Pakistan's first ever hybrid gasoline car, the Devrim II, inspired by the Turkish model Devrim.[10] Before that, students from Naval College Karachi and Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute also made a successful hybrid car, but Devrim II is the most effective one. The group, the Pak-Wheelers, had succeeded in 2011 in developing a car with a fuel efficiency of 450 kilometres per liter, but were trying to improve it to more than 700 by using hybrid technology.[11][12]

Auto rickshaws

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Due to increasing environmental issues with older rickshaws, the government has heavily invested in greener, more fuel-efficient rickshaws

Auto rickshaws are a popular method of travelling in cities and are found in almost every city and town in Pakistan. The fare is usually negotiable before commencing a journey; however, due to the level of pollution contributed by auto-rickshaws, the government has recently begun banning older ones and replacing them with CNG auto rickshaws, which tend to be less noisy, form less pollutants and are much bigger and more comfortable. The Punjab government decided in 2005 to replace two-stroke three-wheelers with CNG-fitted four-stroke rickshaws in Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi and Gujranwala. Three manufacturers were ordered to produce 60,000 four-stroke vehicles, but they reportedly supplied 2,000 to the government which are now plying on city roads. Similar ordinances are now being considered in other provinces of Pakistan.

A new form of transport in Pakistan is the Qing-Qi (pronounced "ching-chee"), which is a cross between a motorcycle and auto-rickshaw. It runs just like a motorcycle but has three wheels instead of two and can carry a much heavier load. It is an urban transport vehicle and is used mostly for short distances.

Motorcycling and ride-hailing

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Motorcycling is another means of transportation in Pakistan. It is considered to be the most quickest way of getting to areas where vehicles cannot reach. There are also motorcycling operators in the cities. Some of them make use of helmet while others don't. There are also companies such as Bykea that offer ride-hailing services with bikes or motorcycles in Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Peshawar and others.[13] Ride-hailing services such as Uber and Careem are also available. In 2019, 2 more private ride-sharing services introduced specifically in the city of Karachi named Airlift and SWVL. Airlift is a Pakistan-based company while SWVL is an Egyptian company.

Metro

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Main article: List of rapid transit systems in Pakistan

Train

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Orange Line Metro Train, Lahore
  • The Orange Line Metro Train is an automated rapid transit system in Lahore.[14][15] The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines proposed for the Lahore Metro. The line spans 27.1 km (16.8 mi) with 25.4 km (15.8 mi) elevated and 1.72 km (1.1 mi) underground and have a cost of 251.06 billion Rupees ($1.6 billion).[16] The line consists of 26 subway stations and is designed to carry over 250,000 passengers daily.

Bus

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Track of Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metrobus with adjoining station

Tram

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  • A tramway service was started in 1884 in Karachi but was closed in 1975.[24][25] Sindh Government is planning to restart the tramway services in the city by the collaboration of Austrian experts.[26]
  • In October 2019, a project for the construction of tramway service in Lahore has also been signed by the Punjab Government. This project will be launched under public-private partnership in a joint venture of European and Chinese companies along with the Punjab transport department.[27]

Monorail

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Rail

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Main articles: List of railway stations in Pakistan and List of railway lines in Pakistan

Domestic

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Rail services in Pakistan are provided by the state-run Pakistan Railways, under the supervision of the Ministry of Railways. Pakistan Railways provides an important mode of transportation in Pakistan, catering to the large-scale movement of people and freight. The railway network comprises 8,163 km[29] all of which is 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) gauge, including 293 km of electrified track. Passenger earnings comprise 50% of the total revenue. During 1999–2000 this amounted to Rs. 4.8 billion.[citation needed] Pakistan Railways carry 65 million passengers annually and daily operate 228 mail, express and passenger trains.[citation needed] Pakistan Railways also operate special trains for various occasions. The Freight Business Unit with 12,000 personnel operates over 200 freight stations on the railway network. The FBU serves the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim as well as in various other stations along the network and generates revenue from the movement of agricultural, industrial and imported products such as wheat, coal, fertiliser, cement and sugar. About 39% of the revenue is generated from the transportation of petroleum, 19% from imported wheat, fertiliser and rock phosphate. The remaining 42% is earned from domestic traffic. The freight rate structure is based on market trends in road transport, which is the main competitor to rail transport.

High speed rail

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Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif said that a high-speed rail network will be built which will connect Peshawar to Karachi via all major cities of Pakistan during his visit to China in June 2016. The Government is making plans for this project.[30]

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  Iran - A 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) railway line runs from Zahedan to Quetta, and a 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge line is finished from Zahedan to Kerman in central Iran, linking with the rest of the Iranian rail network. On May 18, 2007, a MOU for rail cooperation was signed by Pakistan and Iran under which the line will be completed by December 2008. Now that the rail systems are linked up at Zahedan, there is a break-of-gauge between the Islamic Republic of Iran Railways 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge tracks and Pakistan Railway's Indian gauge tracks.[31]

  Afghanistan - Currently there is no rail link to Afghanistan since no railway network is present in that country, however Pakistan Rail has proposed to help build an Afghan Rail Network in three phases. The first phase will stretch from the Chaman to Spin Boldak in Afghanistan. The second phase will extend line to Kandahar and the third phase will eventually connect to Herat. From there, the line will be extended to Khushka, Turkmenistan. The final phase would link 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) with Central Asian 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian gauge. It is not clear where the break-of-gauge station will be.[32] The proposed line will also be connected the port town of Gwadar via Dalbadin and Taftan, thus connecting the port town to Central Asia.

  China - There is no link with China however, on 28 February 2007 contracts were awarded for feasibility studies on a proposed line from Havelian via the Khunjerab Pass at 4730 m above sea level, to the Chinese railhead at Kashgar, a distance of about 750 km.[33]

  Turkmenistan - Via Afghanistan (proposed) – avoiding 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge intervening.[34]

  Turkey - An Istanbul-Tehran-Islamabad passenger rail service was proposed recently.[35] Meanwhile, a container train service was launched by the former Prime Minister of Pakistan Yousuf Raza Gilani between Islamabad and Istanbul on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 containers with a capacity of around 750 t (738 long tons; 827 short tons) [36] and will travel 6,500 km (4,000 mi) from Islamabad, through Tehran, Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.[37] According to the Minister for Railways Ghulam Ahmad Bilour, after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.[38] There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.[39]

Heritage

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In Ghangha Pur, a 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge horse-drawn tramway is operational.[40] It was first opened in 1898, closed in 1998, and re-opened in 2010.[41]

Air

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Main articles: Airlines of Pakistan and List of airports in Pakistan

Pakistan has 151 airports. The major airports are:

There are also several smaller airports which have flights to and from the Gulf because of the large Pakistani diaspora working in the region. There are 91 airports with paved runways, of which 14 have runways longer than 3,047 meters. The remaining 48 airports have unpaved runways including one airport with a runway longer than 3,047 meters. Pakistan also has eighteen heliports.

Despite PIA's domination in domestic market there are also 4 other carriers in Pakistan. Most notably Airblue which is the second bigest airline based in Pakistan and only airline which has new generation aircraft with 2 Airbus A321neo-LRs. Serene Air is the only other airline in Pakistan that owns wide-body aircraft with three Airbus A330s. Then there are 2 low-cost carriers with both having 5 Airbus A320s in their fleet: fly Jinnah and Air Sial. The most favourite aircraft in Pakistan is the Airbus A320 family with only Serene air having 4 Boeing 737s instead of the Airbuses.

Water

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  •  
    Port of Karachi is one of South Asia's largest and busiest deep-water seaports, handling about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per annum).
  •  
    Located in the city of Karachi, Port Qasim is Pakistan's second busiest sea port, handling about 30% of the nation's cargo (14 million tons per annum).

The waterway network in Pakistan is in its infancy, with Karachi being the only major city situated next to the Arabian Sea. Still, plans are being proposed for the development of the waterways in the country along the Indus River and through the Punjab as it would boost employment opportunities and the economic and social development of Pakistan.

Ferries

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  • Ferry services run between Kimari and Minora Island in Karachi.
  • Karachi used to have a ferry connection with City of Mumbai in India until the 1960s, but it was later discontinued when both the countries went into war.
  • A cruise service called Gulf Dream Cruise began between Karachi and Dubai in 2006, but it wasn't able to go beyond its first sailing due to visa issues imposed by the UAE authorities.
  • In 2020, Pakistan announced its plans to launch a ferry service in near future linking Pakistan through Karachi and Gwadar to Iran, Oman, UAE, and Iraq.[42]

Pipelines

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  • Length of pipelines for crude oil is 2,011 km (1,250 mi).
  • Length of Petroleum products pipeline is 787 km (489 mi).
  • Length of Natural gas pipelines is 10,402 km (6,464 mi).

The above information was calculated in 2009.[29]

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

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The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is an under-construction development program to connect Gwadar Port in southern Pakistan to China's northwestern autonomous region of Xinjiang via highways, railways[43] and pipelines to transport oil and gas. Chinese Premier Li Keqiang was among the first advocates of the project; since then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping, former Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif have become strong supporters of the project.[44] When the corridor is constructed, it will serve as a primary gateway for trade between China and the Middle East and Africa; in particular, oil from the Middle East could be offloaded at Gwadar, which is located just outside the mouth of the Persian Gulf, and transported to China through the Baluchistan province in Pakistan. Such a link would vastly shorten the 12,000-kilometre route that Mideast oil supplies must now take to reach Chinese ports.[45]

The project received a major boost when control of Gwadar was transferred to China's state-owned China Overseas Ports Holding in February 2013. Built by Chinese workers and opened in 2007, Gwadar is undergoing a major expansion to turn it into a full-fledged, deep-water commercial port. On 19 February 2014, the South China Morning Post reported that Pakistan and China have signed agreements for constructing an international airport at Gwadar, for upgrading a section of the 1,300-kilometre Karakorum Highway connecting to Islamabad, and for a fibre-optic cable to be laid from the Chinese border to the Pakistani city of Rawalpindi.[46] [47] According to The Diplomat, with the development of the corridor, Central Asia, traditionally an economically closed region owing to its geography and lack of infrastructure, will have greater access to the sea and to the global trade network.[48] Pak-China Economic Corridor Secretariat was inaugurated in Islamabad on August 27, 2013.[49] The CPEC has put a debt burden on Pakistan, paving the way for China to use its "debt-trap diplomacy" and gain access to strategic assets. Therefore, Pakistan is already at high risk due to debt from China. Perhaps, Pakistan would never have imagined that its alliance with China would sink into huge debt.[50] China and Pakistan have both undertaken constructive measures to facilitate the advancement of the CPEC project. However, the ultimate outcome of the corridor's success is intricately tied to Pakistan's internal circumstances. A comprehensive evaluation of the corridor's potential remains challenging until Pakistan addresses its political and security challenges.[51][52]

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transport in Pakistan.

References

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  1. ^ Masood, Muhammad Tahir; Khan, Azhar; Naqvi, Hasnain A. (2011). "Transportation Problems in Developing Countries Pakistan: A Case-in-Point". International Journal of Business and Management. 6 (11): 256. doi:10.5539/ijbm.v6n11p256. ISSN 1833-3850.
  2. ^ "Work begins on three more flyovers in Karachi". The Express Tribune. 25 October 2018.
  3. ^ "CM to inaugurate 6th road flyover today | Pakistan Today". www.pakistantoday.com.pk.
  4. ^ "Infrastructure: Jhal flyover near completion, says minister". The Express Tribune. 5 June 2016.
  5. ^ "Flyover". Flyover.
  6. ^ "Flyover in Bahawalpur". DAWN.COM. 19 November 2005.
  7. ^ "Pakistan's longest underpass opens in Lahore". gulfnews.com. 4 December 2017.
  8. ^ "Say hello to the country's largest flyover! | Pakistan Today". www.pakistantoday.com.pk.
  9. ^ "Imran Khan sworn-in as PM Pakistan". PakTribune. Retrieved 18 August 2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  10. ^ "NUST Students Design Pakistan's First-ever Hybrid Car". 12 May 2010.
  11. ^ Objectives of Pak-Wheelers Archived 2011-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ "NUST students design country's first-ever hybrid car". The Express Tribune. 26 April 2010.
  13. ^ Jamil, Ahmed (6 May 2019). "Is Bykea the first next? Pakistani unicorn in the making?". profit.pakistantoday.com.pk. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  14. ^ "Good news on track: Lahore to get Pakistan’s first metro train", Express Tribune, Lahore, 23 March 2014. Retrieved on 20 October 2014.
  15. ^ "Development agenda: Lahore metro train gets green signal". Express Tribune. 14 May 2015.
  16. ^ "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  17. ^ "Metro Bus Lahore Pakistan -Rapid Bus Transport". pakvisit.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  18. ^ "Work on Multan Metro Bus to Begin on August 14". The Nation. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  19. ^ "Prime Minister inaugurates Multan Metrobus". Dawn News. 24 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  20. ^ "Ground-breaking ceremony: Green Line BRT finally gets go-ahead - The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 26 February 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  21. ^ Dawn.com (26 February 2016). "Karachi's Green Line bus will be more beautiful than Lahore metro: PM Nawaz". www.dawn.com. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  22. ^ "Special shuttle train service to be launched for workers of CPEC SEZ". Daily Times. 20 January 2020.
  23. ^ "CM to take metro bus to Faisalabad - Daily Times". Daily Times. 15 April 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  24. ^ Adnan, Imran (1 April 2019). "OLMT project to face further delay". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 2 April 2019. As per the direction of the apex court, he said, the civil works of the project will be completed by end of July 2019. But the project will not enter into commercial operations by August or November 2019.
  25. ^ "Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan". The News. 26 May 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017. Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless.
  26. ^ "Karachi is Planning to Restart Tram Services". propakistani.pk. 2 January 2019.
  27. ^ Hasnain, Khalid (18 October 2019). "MoU signed for tram service in Lahore". DAWN.COM.
  28. ^ "Chinese firm sees monorail service feasible". Express Tribune. 10 October 2020.
  29. ^ a b The Central Intelligence Agency. "World Factbook – Pakistan". Retrieved 28 June 2007.
  30. ^ Smith, Nicola (9 May 2013). "Sharif whisks Pakistan forward with high speed train". Times Newspapers. The Times & The Sunday Times. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  31. ^ Railway Gazette International
  32. ^ "Govt considers railway links with central Asia".
  33. ^ Associated Press of Pakistan. "PR signs deal with foreign firm for pre-feasibility study of Pakistan-China rail link". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
  34. ^ Dr John Stubbs (1 January 2007). "Closing the gap from Bam to Zahedan". Railway Gazette International. Archived from the original on 21 December 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  35. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  36. ^ "First container train service from Islamabad to Turkey begins Today". Pakistan Times. 15 August 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
  37. ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
  38. ^ "Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service". Dawn.Com. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
  39. ^ "Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts". BBC News. 14 August 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
  40. ^ "Trams of the World 2017" (PDF). Blickpunkt Straßenbahn. 24 January 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  41. ^ "Ghora Tram: Historic Horse Tram Returns to Gangapur". 10 March 2010.
  42. ^ Abrar, Mian (8 September 2020). "Pakistan to launch int'l ferry service linking Iran, Iraq, UAE".
  43. ^ "Pak-China Economic Corridor to get high-speed railway track". Archived from the original on 19 October 2014.
  44. ^ Tiezzi, Shannon. "China, Pakistan Flesh Out New 'Economic Corridor'". thediplomat.com.
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  46. ^ "China and Pakistan pave way for 'economic corridor'". 19 February 2014.
  47. ^ "China, Pakistan to accelerate 'economic corridor' construction | Pakistan Today". www.pakistantoday.com.pk.
  48. ^ "The Pakistan-China Corridor". thediplomat.com.
  49. ^ "Government to upgrade PTV channels to HD: Fawad Chaudhry". www.thenews.com.pk.
  50. ^ "Pakistan economic crisis intensifies as China refuses to provide debt relief". The Times of India. 30 May 2021. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  51. ^ "Pakistan's Economic Crisis: What Went Wrong?". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  52. ^ admin (2 July 2019). "CPEC — poverty alleviation". Pakistan Observer. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
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