Wer (Wēr), also known as Mer, Ber and Iluwer was a weather god worshiped in parts of Mesopotamia and ancient Syria. It is presumed that he was originally one of the main deities of the northern parts of these areas, but his cult declined in the second half of the second millennium BCE. The nature of the relation between him and Itūr-Mēr, the tutelary god of Mari, is disputed by researchers.
| Wer | |
|---|---|
 Stele of Zakkur, with an inscription mentioning Iluwer, a variant of Wer's name.[1] | |
| Major cult center | Terqa, Assur, Tell Afis |
| Consort | Wertum |
In an Old Babylonian version of the Epic of Gilgamesh, Wer is described as the master of the monster Humbaba, though in other versions of this narrative this role instead belongs to Enlil.
Name
editTwo forms of the name, Wēr and Mēr, were originally in use.[2] A third version, Bēr, started to be commonly used in the Middle Assyrian period.[2] Additionally, god lists attest the form Iluwēr, "the god Wēr."[3] The spelling Mēr was consistently employed in texts from Mari and nearby areas, with the chronologically most recent example being the theophoric name Tukulti-Mēr (a contemporary of Ashur-bel-kala[4]) from the late second millennium BCE, while Wer (Wēr) was the form used in southern Mesopotamia between the beginning of the period of the Third Dynasty of Ur end of the reign of the First Dynasty of Babylon, as well as in Old Assyrian sources contemporary with the texts from Kanesh.[5] Bēr predominates only in Middle Assyrian and Neo-Assyrian texts.[5] Whether dME-RU, possibly to be read as Meru, attested in sources from the Early Dynastic period (including the Abu Salabikh god list)[6] is the same deity as Wer is uncertain.[7]
While multiple Sumerian etymologies have been proposed for the name (including derivation from the terms IM-mer, "north wind;" me-er-me-er, "storm;" and emesal me-er, "wind"), none have been conclusively proven.[3] Wilfred G. Lambert concluded that the name might have originated in a linguistic substrate due to the first consonant not following the usual phonetic rules of known languages of the region(suggesting unknown language lost through time).[5] Whether a connection existed between the theonym Wer/Mer and place names such as Mari and Warum is uncertain too.[7] Lambert considered the similarity to be accidental in the case of Mari, though he concluded that the matter cannot be conclusively settled.[5]
Character
editWer was a weather god.[2] According to Wilfred G. Lambert, available sources might indicate that he was originally one of the main gods worshiped in northern Mesopotamia, but eventually declined in the middle of the second millennium BCE due to loss of his cult sites.[5]
Wer's symbol was a lance.[8] A single Old Babylonian text attests that not only Wer himself, but also a deification of his emblem, dŠu-ku-ru-um ("lance"), could be an object of worship.[8]
While god lists, starting with An = Anum, could consider Wer analogous to Ishkur/Adad,[9] his own name was never represented by the logogramdIŠKUR,[10] unlike these of other storm gods, such as Hurrian Teshub,[11] Hattian Taru, Hittite Tarḫunna, or Luwian Tarḫunz.[12]
Other related theonyms
editThe feminine form of the name, Wertum (or Mertum)[13] likely designated the wife of Wer.[3] She is attested in Assur in the Old Assyrian period (where one of the city gates was named after her) and in a theophoric name from Mari.[13]
A number of Assyriologists, including Dietz-Otto Edzard,[14] Wilfred G. Lambert[5] and Andrew R. George, assume that Wer was the same deity as Itūr-Mēr,[15] the tutelary god of Mari,[16] but this view is regarded as unsubstantiated by Daniel Schwemer[17] and Ichiro Nakata, who point out that the latter deity's name is an ordinary theophoric name ("Mēr has turned [to me]"[3]) and that for this reason he is more likely to be a deified hero venerated as part of an ancestor cult tied to a specific location.[18] Known texts additionally do not indicate that he was a weather deity like Wer.[19] Other deities who are most likely deified heroes or kings in origin are attested from Mari, for example Yakrub-El.[20] A second deity worshiped in Mari whose name is structured similarly and also includes Wer as the theophoric element is Tar’am-Mēr, "beloved of Mēr (Wer)".[21]
While known copies of a single passage from the incantation series Šurpu alternate between Wer and a deity named Immeriya, it cannot be established if the latter, who is otherwise best known from an inscribed statue possibly taken as bounty by Untash-Napirisha, was related to him in any way.[22]
Worship
editWorship of Wer is chiefly attested from the middle Euphrates area, northern Babylonia (though only before the Middle Babylonian period), the Diyala area, and Assyria.[10] While confirmed attestations go back to the time of the Akkadian Empire, only from the Old Babylonian period onward the god is known from sources other than theophoric names.[3]
Wer appears in nine types of masculine theophoric names from Old Babylonian Mari, with eight using the spelling Mer and one - Wer.[23] Furthermore, the names of the local deities Itūr-Mēr and Tar’am-Mēr are both agreed to be theophoric names invoking him.[21] Other sites where names invoking him are attested include Sippar, various locations in Assyria (in the Old Assyrian period)[13] and the Diyala area,[4] Puzrish-Dagan (Puzur-Wer from the Ur III period)[24] and Larsa (Ubār-Wēr from the Old Babylonian period).[25] A possible seventh century BCE attestation of a theophoric name invoking him as Ber, dnbr, usually interpreted as Dannu-Ber, "Ber is strong," is known from an Aramaic papyrus found in Saqqara in Egypt,[25] However, the restoration is not certain, and according to Daniel Schwemer caution should be maintained.[1]
References to veneration of Wer other than theophoric names are absent from the corpus of Mari texts, though a place named Bāb-Mēr (KÁ-me-erki) is attested in a single source from the šakkanakku period.[26] Furthermore, later texts from the kingdom of Khana attest the existence of a house of worship dedicated to him (akīt dme-er) in nearby Terqa.[26] He was also apparently worshiped in Nerebtum, Shaduppum and Kakkulatum.[27]
A school text from Kanesh, an Assyrian trading colony in Anatolia, mentions him alongside Ashur.[13] In the Neo-Assyrian period, he was worshiped in Assur in the temple of Ištar-Aššurītu ("the Assyrian Ishtar"), and in Nineveh in the temple of Ashur.[1] He is also mentioned on the Antakya stele of Adad-nirari III alongside Ashur, Adad, Sin of Harran and other deities.[1] Additionally, in the same period Iluwēr, most likely the same deity, was worshiped by Arameans in Tell Afis in Syria,[3] as attested on the Stele of Zakkur.[1]
Mythology
editIn a section of an Old Babylonian version of the Epic of Gilgamesh preserved on the so-called "Yale tablet," corresponding to tablet III of the standard version, Enkidu mentions that the cedar mountain to which Gilgamesh wants to venture is under the control of the god Wer,[28] described as "mighty" and "never sleeping," and as the one who appointed the monster Humbaba as its guardian.[29] Adad is also associated with Wer in the same passage.[30]
In other versions of the Epic of Gilgamesh, Humbaba's master is Enlil.[31] Even on the Yale tablet, it is mentioned that he bestowed seven terrors upon him.[32] Andrew R. George assumes that while the mountain belongs to Wer, and he appointed Humbaba as its guardian and his second in command, the decision still had to be approved by Enlil.[33]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Schwemer 2001, p. 208.
- ^ a b c Schwemer 2008, p. 27.
- ^ a b c d e f Schwemer 2008, p. 28.
- ^ a b Schwemer 2001, p. 205.
- ^ a b c d e f Frayne 2009, p. 294.
- ^ Krebernik 1997, p. 73.
- ^ a b Schwemer 2015, p. 90.
- ^ a b Krebernik 2013, p. 269.
- ^ Schwemer 2001, p. 200.
- ^ a b Schwemer 2008, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Schwemer 2008, p. 3.
- ^ Schwemer 2008, p. 18.
- ^ a b c d Schwemer 2001, p. 206.
- ^ Nakata 1975, p. 18.
- ^ George 2003, p. 193.
- ^ Nakata 2011, p. 129.
- ^ Schwemer 2008, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Nakata 1975, pp. 18–20.
- ^ Schwemer 2001, pp. 203–204.
- ^ Nakata 1975, pp. 19–20.
- ^ a b Schwemer 2001, p. 203.
- ^ Schwemer 2001, p. 36.
- ^ Nakata 1995, p. 252.
- ^ Schwemer 2001, p. 202.
- ^ a b Schwemer 2001, p. 201.
- ^ a b Schwemer 2001, p. 204.
- ^ Schwemer 2001, pp. 205–206.
- ^ George 2003, pp. 192–193.
- ^ George 2003, p. 199.
- ^ Schwemer 2007, p. 151.
- ^ George 2003, p. 144.
- ^ George 2003, p. 201.
- ^ George 2003, p. 210.
Bibliography
edit- Frayne, Douglas (2009). Pre-Sargonic Period. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442688865. ISBN 978-1-4426-8886-5.
- George, Andrew R. (2003). The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic: introduction, critical edition and cuneiform texts. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814922-0. OCLC 51668477.
- Krebernik, Manfred (1997), "Meru", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-02-12
- Krebernik, Manfred (2013), "Šukurru(m)", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-03-05
- Nakata, Ichiro (1975). "A Mari Note: Ikrub-El and Related Matters". Orient. 11. The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan: 15–24. doi:10.5356/orient1960.11.15. ISSN 1884-1392. S2CID 178437649.
- Nakata, Ichiro (1995). "A Study of Women's Theophoric Personal Names in Old Babylonian Texts from Mari". Orient. 30 and 31. The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan: 234–253. doi:10.5356/orient1960.30and31.234. ISSN 1884-1392.
- Nakata, Ichiro (2011). "The God Itūr-Mēr in the Middle Euphrates Region During the Old Babylonian Period". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 105. Presses Universitaires de France: 129–136. doi:10.3917/assy.105.0129. ISSN 0373-6032. JSTOR 42580244. S2CID 194094468.
- Schwemer, Daniel (2001). Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-04456-1. OCLC 48145544.
- Schwemer, Daniel (2007). "The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies Part I" (PDF). Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 7 (2). Brill: 121–168. doi:10.1163/156921207783876404. ISSN 1569-2116.
- Schwemer, Daniel (2008). "The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies: Part II". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 8 (1). Brill: 1–44. doi:10.1163/156921208786182428. ISSN 1569-2116.
- Schwemer, Daniel (2015), "Wettergott(heiten) A. Philologisch", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-02-12