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West Midlands (county)

(Redirected from West Midlands (County))
Not to be confused with West Midlands (region) or West Midlands conurbation.

West Midlands is a metropolitan and ceremonial county in the larger West Midlands region of England. A landlocked county, it is bordered by Staffordshire to the north and west, Worcestershire to the south, and is surrounded by Warwickshire to the east. The largest settlement is the city of Birmingham.

West Midlands
Metropolitan and ceremonial county
Birmingham skyline, the Self Sacrifice (Lady Godiva) statue in Coventry, and Dudley Castle
West Midlands within England
West Midlands within England
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionWest Midlands
Established1 April 1974
Established byLocal Government Act 1972
Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
UK Parliament28 MPs
PoliceWest Midlands Police
Ceremonial county
Lord LieutenantJohn Crabtree, OBE
High SheriffWade Lyn, CBE[1] (2020–21)
Area902 km2 (348 sq mi)
 • Rank42nd of 48
Population 
(2022)[2]
2,953,816
 • Rank2nd of 48
Density3,276/km2 (8,480/sq mi)
Ethnicity
  • 61.4% White
  • 22.9% Asian
  • 8.1% Black
  • 4.2% Mixed
  • 3.5% Other
[3]
Metropolitan county
GovernmentWest Midlands Combined Authority
MayorRichard Parker (L)
Admin HQBirmingham
GSS code
  • E11000005 (county)
  • E47000007 (city region)
ITLTLG3
Websitewmca.org.uk
Districts

Districts of West Midlands
Metropolitan districts
Districts
  1. Wolverhampton
  2. Dudley
  3. Walsall
  4. Sandwell
  5. Birmingham
  6. Solihull
  7. Coventry

The county is almost entirely urban, with an area of 902 km2 (348 sq mi) and a population of 2,919,600, making it the second most populous county in England after Greater London. After Birmingham (1,144,919) the largest settlements are the cities of Coventry (345,324) and Wolverhampton (263,700), Solihull (126,577), and Sutton Coldfield (109,899). Nearly all of the county's settlements belong to the West Midlands and Coventry built-up areas, though the 'Meriden Gap' between them is rural. For local government purposes West Midlands comprises seven metropolitan boroughs: Birmingham, Coventry, Dudley, Sandwell, Solihull, Walsall, and Wolverhampton. They collaborate through the West Midlands Combined Authority. The county was historically part of Staffordshire, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire.

The west of the county encloses the valley of the River Tame and its tributaries; the highest point of the surrounding area is Turners Hill, at 271 metres (889 ft). West Midlands contains the Sutton Park Site of Special Scientific Interest, which has an area of 970 hectares (2,400 acres) and is one of the largest urban parks in Europe. The area between Solihull and Coventry is part of the Forest of Arden, and the rivers Sowe and Sherbourne flow through Coventry.

Status

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The metropolitan county exists in law, as a geographical frame of reference,[4][5][6] and as a ceremonial county. As such it has a Lord Lieutenant[7] and a High Sheriff.[8] Between 1974 and 1986, the West Midlands County Council was the administrative body covering the county; this was abolished on 31 March 1986, and the constituent metropolitan boroughs effectively became unitary authorities. A new administrative body for the county (and some of the district surrounding it as Non-Constituent members), the West Midlands Combined Authority, was created in June 2016. Since May 2017, the authority has been headed by a directly elected Mayor of the West Midlands, a position currently held by Richard Parker of the Labour Co-op. Other county-wide bodies include the West Midlands Police, the West Midlands Fire Service and Transport for West Midlands.

The county is sometimes described as the "West Midlands metropolitan area" or the "West Midlands conurbation" or "Greater Birmingham", although these have different, less clearly defined, boundaries. The main conurbation or urban area does not include Coventry, for example. The name "West Midlands" is also used for the much larger West Midlands region, which sometimes causes confusion. Geographically the county is on the eastern side of the region, the western side comprising Shropshire and Herefordshire and the southern side comprising Worcestershire and Warwickshire.

History

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Main article: History of the West Midlands
See also: History of Birmingham and History of Coventry

Although the modern county has only existed since 1974, the settlements of the West Midlands have long been important centres of commerce and industry as well as developing a good local infrastructure. Coventry was one of England's most important cities during the Middle Ages, with its prosperity built upon wool and cloth manufacture. Birmingham and Wolverhampton have a tradition of industry dating back to the 16th century, when small metal-working industries developed. Birmingham was known for its manufacture of small arms, whereas Wolverhampton became a centre of lock manufacture and brass working. The coal and iron ore deposits of the Black Country area provided a ready source of raw materials. The area grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, and by the 20th century had grown into one large conurbation. Coventry was slower to develop, but by the early 20th century it had become an important centre of bicycle and car manufacture.

1966 saw a substantial reform in the local government of the area as the patchwork of county boroughs with municipal boroughs and urban district councils in between was replaced by a core of county boroughs covering a contiguous area, roughly as follows:

Near the area, three other towns remained separate (Halesowen, Stourbridge and Sutton Coldfield), while Aldridge and Brownhills joined to form a single unit, called Aldridge-Brownhills. In the same year, a single West Midlands Constabulary was formed for the Black Country county boroughs, whilst Birmingham retained its Birmingham City Police and Solihull continued being policed by the Warwickshire Constabulary. The West Midlands Passenger Transport Authority was established in 1968.

County creation

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In 1974, the Local Government Act 1972 came into effect, creating the metropolitan county of West Midlands. This area was based on the seven county boroughs and the other non-county boroughs and urban districts around the fringe of the conurbation.

The new area consisted of seven new metropolitan boroughs, with Aldridge-Brownhills added to Walsall; Halesowen and Stourbridge to Dudley and Sutton Coldfield to Birmingham. A new borough of Sandwell was formed by the merger of West Bromwich and Warley. The actual designation of Warley itself was abolished and the three towns of Smethwick, Oldbury and Rowley Regis reinstated as component parts of Sandwell, although these areas formed the Warley postal district. Solihull took in much of the suburban fringe to the east of Birmingham, including the former villages of Chelmsley Wood and Castle Bromwich, also Birmingham Airport, and the area of countryside between Solihull and Coventry, whilst Coventry itself received only small changes and Wolverhampton was unaltered. This led to (apart from in the east, with Coventry and the Meriden Gap) quite a tightly defined metropolitan border, excluding such places as Burntwood, Bromsgrove, Cannock, Kidderminster, Lichfield and Wombourne which had been considered for inclusion in the West Midlands metropolitan area by the Redcliffe-Maud Report.

The 1974 reform created the West Midlands County Council that covered the entire area and dealt with strategic issues. A new West Midlands Police service was formed covering the entire area, with the West Midlands Constabulary and Birmingham City Police abolished, and also taking over responsibility from the county forces.

West Midlands was also established as a new ceremonial county, with the offices of Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff created. Its constituent components had previously been, for ceremonial purposes, under the equivalent offices of Warwickshire (Birmingham CB, Coventry CB, Solihull CB, Sutton Coldfield MB and Meriden RD), Staffordshire (Wolverhampton CB, Walsall CB, West Bromwich CB, Dudley CB and Aldridge-Brownhills UD) and Worcestershire (Warley CB, Stourbridge MB and Halesowen MB).

post-1974 pre-1974
Metropolitan county Metropolitan borough County boroughs Non-county boroughs Urban districts Rural districts
 
West Midlands is an amalgamation of 14 former local government districts, including eight county boroughs.
 Birmingham Birmingham Sutton Coldfield – –
Coventry Coventry – – Meriden (part)[9]
Dudley Dudley
– –
Sandwell
– – –
Solihull Solihull – –
Walsall Walsall – Aldridge-Brownhills
Wolverhampton Wolverhampton – – –

West Midlands County Council

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The arms of the West Midlands County Council, depicted here, became redundant with the abolition of the council in 1986 (though similar arms are used by the West Midlands Fire Service).

Between 1974 and 1986, the county had a two-tier system of local government, and the seven districts shared power with the West Midlands County Council. However, the Local Government Act 1985 abolished the metropolitan county councils, and the West Midlands County Council ceased to exist in 1986. Most of its functions were devolved to the West Midland boroughs, which effectively became unitary authorities, with responsibility for most local authority functions.

Following the abolition of the county council, some county-wide bodies continued to exist, which were administered by various joint-boards of the seven districts, among these were the West Midlands Police, the West Midlands Fire Service and the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive.

Boundary changes

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In 1994, the western/southern shores of Chasewater, plus the adjacent Jeffreys Swag, were transferred from the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall to the District of Lichfield, Staffordshire.[10] Further boundary changes came into effect in 1995, when part of the Hereford and Worcester parish of Frankley (including the south-west part of Bartley Reservoir) was transferred to Birmingham and became part of the county.

West Midlands Combined Authority

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On 17 June 2016, a new administrative body, the West Midlands Combined Authority was created for the county, under the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009, which created several other combined authorities in England. The new body has powers over transport, economic development, skills and planning. A new directly elected position of Mayor of the West Midlands was created in 2017 to chair the new body.[11] The first Mayoral election was held in May 2017, and the position was won by Andy Street of the Conservative Party.

Geography

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See also: List of places in West Midlands (county), List of settlements in West Midlands (county) by population, List of areas in Birmingham, List of areas in Dudley, List of areas in Sandwell, List of areas in Walsall, List of areas in Wolverhampton, and West Midlands Green Belt
 
Map of West Midlands, showing urban areas in grey and metropolitan district boundaries
 
Population density map

The West Midlands is a landlocked county that borders the counties of Warwickshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south, and Staffordshire to the north and west.

The West Midlands County is one of the most heavily urbanised counties in the UK. Birmingham, Wolverhampton, the Black Country and Solihull together form the third most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom with a combined population of around 2.44 million.[12] However, the West Midlands is not entirely urban; Coventry is separated from the West Midlands conurbation by a stretch of green belt land approximately 13 miles (21 km) across, known as the "Meriden Gap", which retains a strongly rural character. A smaller piece of green belt between Birmingham, Walsall and West Bromwich includes Barr Beacon and the Sandwell Valley.

The highest point in the West Midlands is Turners Hill, with a height of 271 m (889 ft).[13] The hill is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Barr Beacon is another hill in the West Midlands, located on the border of Birmingham and Walsall, with a height of 227 metres (745 ft).

There are 23 Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the county.[14] One of these SSSIs is Sutton Park in Sutton Coldfield, which has an area of 970 hectares (2,400 acres).[15] As a result, it is one of the largest urban parks in Europe, and the largest outside of a capital city in Europe.[citation needed] The park also has national nature reserve status.

There are numerous rivers that pass through the county, including the River Tame. The river basin is the most urbanised basin in the United Kingdom, with approximately 42% of the basin being urbanised.[16] The River Tame is fed by the River Rea, River Anker, and the River Blythe, which in turn is fed by the River Cole. The River Sowe and River Sherbourne both flow through Coventry. The River Stour flows through the west of the West Midlands county.

Like other metropolitan counties, the West Midlands is divided into districts called metropolitan boroughs. There are seven boroughs in the West Midlands, six of which are named after the largest settlement in their administrative area. The West Midlands is unusual amongst the metropolitan counties in that three of its boroughs have city status; Coventry is a city by ancient prescriptive usage,[17] Birmingham was granted city status in 1889,[18] and Wolverhampton in 2000 as a "Millennium City".[19]

Metropolitan borough Administrative centre Other towns
City of Birmingham   Birmingham Aston, Bournville, Edgbaston, Erdington, Great Barr, Hall Green, Handsworth, Harborne, Northfield, Quinton, Soho, Sutton Coldfield
City of Coventry   Coventry Allesley, Binley, Keresley, Stoke, Tile Hill
Dudley   Dudley Amblecote, Brierley Hill, Coseley, Cradley, Gornal, Halesowen, Kingswinford, Lye, Netherton, Sedgley, Stourbridge, Quarry Bank
Sandwell   Oldbury Bearwood, Blackheath, Cradley Heath, Great Bridge, Old Hill, Rowley Regis, Smethwick, Tipton, Tividale, Wednesbury, West Bromwich
Solihull   Solihull Balsall Common, Bickenhill, Castle Bromwich, Chelmsley Wood, Dorridge, Elmdon, Hampton in Arden, Kingshurst, Knowle, Marston Green, Meriden, Monkspath, Hockley Heath, Shirley
Walsall   Walsall Aldridge, Birchills, Bloxwich, Brownhills, Darlaston, Leamore, Palfrey, Pelsall, Pheasey, Shelfield, Streetly, Willenhall
City of Wolverhampton   Wolverhampton Bilston, Blakenhall, Bushbury, Compton, Ettingshall, Heath Town, Oxley, Penn, Tettenhall, Wednesfield

Demography

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Population density in the 2011 census in the West Midlands.
 
Ethnic demography of the West Midlands county from 1971 to 2021
Main article: Demographics of the West Midlands County
Ethnic Group Year
1966 estimations[20] 1971 estimations[21] 1981 estimations[22] 1991 census[23] 2001 census[24] 2011 census[25] 2021 census[26]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total – – 2,580,903 93.2% 2,371,072 88.7% 2,237,135 85.1% 2,043,231 80% 1,919,138 70.1% 1,793,173 61.4%
White: British – – – – – – – – 1,956,156 76.5% 1,806,708 66% 1,630,823 55.9%
White: Irish – – – – – – – – 54,011 2.1% 39,183 1.4% 31,490 1.1%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller[a] – – – – – – – – 1,618 2417
White: Roma – – – – – – – – – – 4246
White: Other – – – – – – – – 33,064 1.3% 71,629 2.6% 124,197 4.3%
Asian or Asian British: Total – – – – 206,289 7.7% 276,162 10.5% 352,288 13.8% 514,981 18.8% 667,315 22.9%
Asian or Asian British: Indian – – – – 118,101 4.4% 148,320 5.6% 157,062 6.1% 185,271 6.8% 226,927 7.8%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani – – – – 65,985 2.5% 93,426 3.6% 138,007 5.4% 200,545 7.3% 278,837 9.6%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi – – – – 11,006 0.4% 19,131 0.7% 29,085 1.1% 48,727 72,168 2.5%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese[b] – – – – 4,543 0.2% 6,119 0.2% 10,548 0.4% 21,430 22,718 0.8%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian – – – – 6,654 9,166 17,586 59,008 66,665 2.3%
Black or Black British: Total – – – – 80,412 3% 96,384 3.7% 95,234 3.7% 164,069 6% 236,047 8.1%
Black or Black British: African – – – – 3,602 0.1% 4,134 0.2% 10,000 0.4% 55,557 2% 126,041 4.3%
Black or Black British: Caribbean – – – – 63,597 2.4% 75,612 2.9% 76,386 3% 79,632 2.9% 81,732 2.8%
Black or Black British: Other Black – – – – 13,213 16,638 0.6% 8,848 0.3% 28,880 28,274 1%
Mixed: Total – – – – – – – – 54,757 2.1% 96,204 3.5% 121,685 4.2%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – – – – – – – 31,525 1.2% 53,234 1.9% 59,903 2.1%
Mixed: White and Black African – – – – – – – – 2,446 6,053 9,735
Mixed: White and Asian – – – – – – – – 12,641 21,964 28,872
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – – – – – – 8,145 14,953 23,175
Other: Total – – – – 15,327 0.5% 19,719 0.7% 10,082 0.4% 42,068 1.5% 101,435 3.5%
Other: Arab[a] – – – – – – – – – – 16,029 28,083 1%
Other: Any other ethnic group – – – – – – – – 10,082 0.4% 26,039 73,352 2.5%
Ethnic minority: Total 102,850 – 188,306 6.8% 302,027 11.3% 392,265 14.9% 512,361 20% 817,322 29.9% 1,126,482 38.6%
Total – 100% 2,769,209 100% 2,673,099 100% 2,629,400 100% 2,555,592 100% 2,736,460 100% 2,919,655 100%
Distribution of ethnic groups in the West Midlands according to the 2011 census.
  •  
    White
  •  
    White-British
  •  
    White-Irish
  •  
    White-Other
  •  
    Asian
  •  
    Asian-Indian
  •  
    Asian-Pakistani
  •  
    Asian-Bangladeshi
  •  
    Asian-Chinese
  •  
    Black
  •  
    Black-African
  •  
    Black-Caribbean
  •  
    Other-Arab
Distribution of religions in the West Midlands according to the 2011 census.
  •  
    Christianity
  •  
    Islam
  •  
    Judaism
  •  
    Hinduism
  •  
    Sikhism
  •  
    Buddhism
  •  
    Other religion
  •  
    No religion

Economy

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In Central Birmingham
Car manufacturers
 
The leaping jaguar mascot outside the car company's head office south of Coventry
Nearest Birmingham
 
Cadbury in Birmingham
Outskirts of County
Near other main towns

The Forensic Science Service, Linpac, Lafarge Cement UK and IMI plc are on the Birmingham Business Park in Bickenhill. The National Exhibition Centre (NEC) is just north. ZF Lemförder UK's site at Bickenhill makes axle modules for Land Rover. Newey and Eyre, Britain's largest electrical wholesaler, is at Sheldon. Neopost UK is off the A452. Goodrich UK is in Shirley. TRW Conekt have a main automotive engineering research centre at The Green Business Park in Shirley Heath. The Mormons (Latter Day Saints) have their European HQ in Solihull.

 
Carillion head office in Wolverhampton

The UK's VAT Registration Service, for Value Added Tax is at HMRC in Wolverhampton. Flint Ink UK in the east of the town centre, was the largest ink supplier in the British Empire, before being bought in 1998.

Turner Powertrain Systems is the world market leader for transmissions for backhoe loaders, mini excavators telescopic handlers, and site dumpers is further south, near Dunstall Hill. Tata Steel (former site of British Steel Seamless Tubes until 1995) have their Wednesfield Steelpark (built in 1999) on the Walsall boundary.

Essar Steel UK in west Dudley, is the largest independent steel toll processor in the UK.

Hadley Group near the Soho Foundry is the largest cold roll forming manufacturer in the UK. Caparo Precision Tubes in Oldbury, is the UK's largest producer of electric resistance welded (ERW) steel tubes, and Wellman Group make boilers to the west. Metsec, east of Oldbury, is one of the UK's largest cold roll-forming companies. The AA have a main office in Rounds Green, west of Oldbury. 2 Sisters Food Group, Britain's largest processor of chicken, is based in the West Midlands.[citation needed]

The national headquarters of One Stop is in Brownhills, at Clayhanger. Poundland is in Willenhall. Wedge Group, based in Willenhall, is the largest hot dip galvanising company in the UK. Assa Abloy UK (and Yale UK, former Yale & Towne), is also in Willenhall, as the town is known for manufacture of locks. A.F. Blakemore, supplies most of the SPAR shops in the UK. [citation needed]

Places of interest

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See also: Category:Tourist attractions in Birmingham, West Midlands
Key
  Abbey/Priory/Cathedral
  Accessible open space
  Amusement/Theme Park
  Castle
  Country Park
  English Heritage
Forestry Commission
  Heritage railway
  Historic House
  Places of Worship
 
 		 Museum (free/not free)
  National Trust
  Theatre
  Zoo

Education

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The West Midlands contains ten universities, seven of which are located in Birmingham:

Both of Coventry University and the University of Warwick are located in Coventry whilst University of Wolverhampton is located in Wolverhampton with campuses in Telford and Walsall.

Each of the local authorities has at least one further education college for students aged over 16, and since September 1992 all of the local authorities have operated traditional 5–7 infant, 7–11 junior, and 11-16/18 secondary schools for students in compulsory education. This followed the demise of 5–8 first, 8–12 middle and 12-16/18 secondary schools in the Sutton Coldfield area.[51]

For 18 years before September 1990, Dudley had operated 5–8 first, 8–12 middle, and 12-16/18 secondary schools before then, while Halesowen (September 1972 until July 1982) and Aldridge-Brownhills (September 1972 until July 1986) had both operated 5–9 first, 9–13 middle and 13-16/18 secondary schools.

Many local authorities still have sixth form facilities in secondary schools, though sixth form facilities had been axed by most secondary schools in Dudley since the early 1990s (and in Halesowen in 1982) as the local authorities changed direction towards further education colleges.

All secondary state education in Dudley and Sandwell is mixed comprehensive, although there are a small number of single sex and grammar schools existing in parts of Birmingham, Solihull, Wolverhampton and Walsall.

In August 2009, Matthew Boulton College and Sutton Coldfield College merged to become Birmingham Metropolitan College, one of the largest further and higher education institutions in the country. Plans are afoot for the construction of a new campus in the Perry Barr area of Birmingham.

Media

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Television

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The area is served by BBC West Midlands and ITV Central which both broadcast from Birmingham, the local based-television station TalkBirmingham also covers the area. Television signals are received from the Sutton Coldfield TV transmitter.[65]

Radio

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BBC Local

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In terms of BBC Local Radio, the area is served by BBC Radio WM and BBC CWR covering Coventry.

Commercial

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Commercial radio stations include Hits Radio Birmingham, Capital Midlands, Capital Mid-Counties, Heart West Midlands, Hits Radio Coventry & Warwickshire, Smooth West Midlands, Greatest Hits Radio Birmingham & The West Midlands, and Greatest Hits Radio Black Country & Shropshire.

Community

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Community radio stations include:

Sport

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The West Midlands is home to numerous sports teams. In rugby union, the West Midlands is home to various clubs including Wasps RFC, Birmingham Barbarians, Sutton Coldfield RFC, Moseley Rugby Football Club, Birmingham & Solihull RFC, and Coventry RFC.

In rugby league, the Midlands Hurricanes are the only team from the county playing in the professional ranks, currently in the third tier League 1.

In association football, there are six Premier League and Football League teams in the county of which two, Aston Villa, and Wolverhampton Wanderers, play in the Premier League. The following clubs are often referred to as the West Midlands "Big Six":

Club League City/town Stadium Capacity
Aston Villa Premier League Birmingham Villa Park 42,788
Wolverhampton Wanderers Premier League Wolverhampton Molineux 31,700
Birmingham City League One Birmingham St Andrew's 30,079
West Bromwich Albion Championship West Bromwich The Hawthorns 26,500
Coventry City Championship Coventry Coventry Building Society Arena 32,609
Walsall League Two Walsall Bescot Stadium 11,300

The West Midlands is also home to Warwickshire County Cricket Club, who are based at Edgbaston Cricket Ground, which also hosts Test matches and One Day Internationals. The Birmingham Panthers basketball team replaced the Birmingham Bullets and are currently based at a facility provided by the University of Wolverhampton in Walsall.

The West Midlands has its own Quidditch team, West Midlands Revolution (after its part in the Industrial Revolution), which won the Quidditch Premier League in 2017.[66]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b New category created for the 2011 census
  2. ^ In 2001, listed under the 'Chinese or other ethnic group' heading.

References

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  1. ^ "No. 62943". The London Gazette. 13 March 2020. p. 5161.
  2. ^ "Mid-2022 population estimates by Lieutenancy areas (as at 1997) for England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 24 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  3. ^ "West Midlands County Demographics | Age, Ethnicity, Religion, Wellbeing". Varbes. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  4. ^ Office for National Statistics Archived 23 December 2003 at the UK Government Web Archive – Gazetteer of the old and new geographies of the United Kingdom, p48. URL accessed 10 March 2007.
  5. ^ Metropolitan Counties and Districts Archived 15 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Beginners' Guide to UK Geography, Office for National Statistics, 17 September 2004. URL accessed 10 March 2007.
  6. ^ West Midlands Counties Archived 10 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, The Boundary Commission for England. URL accessed 10 March 2007.
  7. ^ "West Midlands Lieutenancy". The West Midlands Lieutenancy. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  8. ^ "West Midlands 2013/2014". High Sheriff's Association of England and Wales (The Shrievalty Association). Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  9. ^ a b c Whitaker's Almanack 1974, complete edition (106th ed.). London: J. Whitaker & Sons. 1973 [1868]. p. 672. ISBN 0-85021-067-4.
  10. ^ "The Hereford and Worcester, Staffordshire and West Midlands (County and Metropolitan Borough Boundaries) Order 1993". Office of Public Sector Information. 20 September 2000. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
  11. ^ "All systems go for West Midlands Combined Authority as MPs say 'Yes'". The Chamberlain Files. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  12. ^ "2011 Census – Built-up areas". ONS. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  13. ^ Bathurst, David (2012). Walking the county high points of England. Chichester: Summersdale. pp. 111–114. ISBN 978-1-84-953239-6.
  14. ^ "SSSIs in the West Midlands". Natural England. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
  15. ^ Introduction To Sutton Park Archived 27 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine Birmingham City Council
  16. ^ John S. Rowan; R. W. Duck; A. Werritty (2006). Sediment Dynamics and the Hydromorphology of Fluvial Systems. IAHS. p. 98. ISBN 1-901502-68-6.
  17. ^ Home Office List of English Cities by Ancient Prescriptive Right, 1927, cited in Beckett, J V (2005). City status in the British Isles, 1830–2002. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 12. ISBN 0-7546-5067-7.
  18. ^ "History of Mayoralty". Birmingham.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  19. ^ "City winners named". BBC News. 18 December 2000. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  20. ^ Patterson, Sheila; Relations, Institute of Race (1969). Immigration and Race Relations in Britain, 1960-1967. Institute of Race Relations. ISBN 978-0-19-218174-9.
  21. ^ Explaining ethnic differences: Changing patterns of disadvantage in Britain (1 ed.). Bristol University Press. 2003. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1t8915s. JSTOR j.ctt1t8915s.
  22. ^ Ethnicity in the 1991 census: Vol 3 - Social geography and ethnicity in Britain, geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration. Internet Archive. London : HMSO. 1996. ISBN 978-0-11-691655-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  23. ^ Ethnicity in the 1991 census: Vol 3 - Social geography and ethnicity in Britain, geographical spread, spatial concentration and internal migration. Internet Archive. London : HMSO. 1996. ISBN 978-0-11-691655-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  24. ^ "KS006 - Ethnic group - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  25. ^ "KS201EW (Ethnic group) - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  26. ^ "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  27. ^ Intelligence and Enforcement Directorate, The Insolvency Service, 18 The Priory Queensway, Birmingham
  28. ^ HMRC Stamp Duty Taxes, City Centre House, Birmingham
  29. ^ Tricorn House, 51–53 Hagley Rd, Birmingham – specifically near Five Ways.
  30. ^ SRA, The Cube, Birmingham part of the Mailbox.
  31. ^ H. Samuel, Hunters Road, Hockley within the Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham since 1912 "About Us". H.Samuel. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  32. ^ J Hudson & Co 244 Barr Street, Boulton Middleway, Birmingham, namely in the Jewellery Quarter where the A41 and A4540 meet.
  33. ^ The latter at Cannon House
  34. ^ a b Solihull
  35. ^ Head office, B4110 at Stoke Aldermoor
  36. ^ Jaguar Land Rover, Whitley, Coventry
  37. ^ Wharf Street, Aston, Birmingham
  38. ^ "Wieland Metals Birmingham" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  39. ^ Kiepe Electric, Aston Science Park, Birmingham
  40. ^ Goodyear, 2920 Trident Court, Solihull Parkway, Birmingham Business Park, Birmingham
  41. ^ 40 Fort Pkwy, Birmingham
  42. ^ RoSPA, 28 Calthorpe Rd, Birmingham – specifically in Calthorpe Fields in north Edgbaston, next to St George's School
  43. ^ Office/depot at the A47/A4040 junction next to the River Tame at Ward End near M6, and next to the former LDV factory.
  44. ^ Genting Group, Star City near Washwood Heath.
  45. ^ Goodrich Engine Controls, Hall Green, Birmingham
  46. ^ in Kings Norton
  47. ^ Kitts Green (towards Solihull), next to the River Cole.
  48. ^ at Longbridge.
  49. ^ Maypoint Business Park, next to the railway on the opposite side of the A38
  50. ^ Midpoint Park, south of A38
  51. ^ a b Sutton Coldfield
  52. ^ Birmingham
  53. ^ National Highways, Quinton, Birmingham.
  54. ^ Ishida, Woodgate Business Park
  55. ^ Severn Trent, 2 St John Street, Coventry
  56. ^ Westwood Business Park in Westwood Heath
  57. ^ Bladon Jets, Pinley
  58. ^ Axeon UK, Coventry
  59. ^ Edgwick and Great Heath
  60. ^ Wayside Business Park, Longford, Coventry
  61. ^ Whitmore Park, Coventry
  62. ^ a b At Walsgrave Triangle
  63. ^ Middlemarch Business Park, Baginton next to Coventry Airport
  64. ^ Prologis Park, Coventry
  65. ^ "Sutton Coldfield (Birmingham, England) Full Freeview transmitter". UK Free TV. 1 May 2004. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  66. ^ "West Midlands Revolution". The Quidditch Premier League. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
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