The West Usambara two-horned chameleon or West Usambara blade-horned chameleon (Kinyongia multituberculata) is a species of chameleon endemic to the West Usambara Mountains of Tanzania.[1][2] Until 2008, it was generally confused with Fischer's chameleon (K. fischeri), which is not found in the Usambara Mountains.[3] None of its close relatives occur in the same range as K. multituberculata, but K. matschiei and K. vosseleri are restricted to the East Usambaras.[3]
| West Usambara two-horned chameleon | |
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| Male above, female below | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Iguania |
| Family: | Chamaeleonidae |
| Genus: | Kinyongia |
| Species: | K. multituberculata
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| Binomial name | |
| Kinyongia multituberculata (Nieden, 1913)
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| Synonyms | |
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Chamaeleon fischeri multituberculatus Nieden, 1913 | |
Habitat and conservation
editThis species inhabits Afrotemperate forests of the West Usambara Mountains at elevations of 1,200–2,500 m (3,900–8,200 ft) above sea level. It can also occur in modified vegetation adjacent to forest patches and on shrubs and trees by roadsides. However, it requires structurally complex habitats and does not range across transformed landscapes.[1]
The forest patches suffer from timber removal and resource utilization, and habitat is being lost to encroachment and transformation for agriculture. The habitat is highly fragmented, and better protection of forest reserves is needed. Like other chameleons, K. multituberculata is listed on CITES, meaning that legal international trade requires a permit. This species was estimated to be one of the most heavily exported chameleons from East Africa for the international pet trade, especially at the time when it was still traded as part of K. fischeri; it is estimated that more than 95% of "K. fischeri" exported from Tanzania actually were K. multituberculata.[1] After its recognition as a separate species by CITES, Tanzania initially allowed limited legal exports of K. multituberculata, but stopped it after 2017.[4]
Appearance
editK. multituberculata is one of the larger species in the genus Kinyongia at up to 34 cm (13 in) in total length, with the tail making up more than half of that. Females do not grow as large as males. Adult males have a pair of large, converging horns on the nose, which remain much smaller in females. Compared to similar close relatives, the spines on the ridge of the back (dorsal crest) of adults of both sexes extend further back, well onto or even beyond the mid-back (in others they are limited to the part nearest the head or absent).[3]
See also
edit- Trioceros deremensis, the Usambara three-horned chameleon
References
edit- ^ a b c d Tolley, K.; Menegon, M.; Plumptre, A. (2014). "Kinyongia multituberculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T172574A1345983. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T172574A1345983.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ Kinyongia multituberculata at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 28 June 2014.
- ^ a b c Mariaux, J.; Lutzmann, N.; Stipala, J. (2008). "The two-horned chamaeleons of East Africa". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 152 (2): 367–391. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00332.x.
- ^ "Export quatas: Tanzania, Kinyongia multituberculata". CITES. Retrieved 31 October 2023.