The Western Pahari languages are a range of languages and dialects of Northern Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the western parts of the Himalayan range, primarily in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. They are also spoken in Jammu and Jaunsar-Bawar regions of India.
| Western Pahari | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution |  India |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | him |
| Glottolog | hima1250 |
Languages
editThe following table lists the languages classified as belonging to Western Pahari, with the provisional grouping used in Glottolog 4.1:[1]
| Group | Language(s) |
|---|---|
| Jaunsari | Jaunsari |
| Nuclear Himachali | Hinduri, Pahari Kinnauri, Kullu Pahari, Mahasu Sirmour, Pahari |
| Mandeali | Mandeali |
| Kangric-Chamealic-Bhattiyali |
|
Some Western Pahari languages, like Sarazi, are also spoken further north in Jammu and Kashmir, specifically in the districts of Ramban and Doda.
These languages form a dialect chain, and neighboring varieties may be mutually intelligible. Some Western Pahari languages have occasionally been regarded as dialects of either Dogri, Hindustani, or Punjabi.[citation needed]
Notably, some Western Pahari languages, such as Dogri and Kangri, are tonal like their close relative Punjabi, but unlike most other Indic languages. Dogri has been an official language in India since 2003.
Claus Peter Zoller suggests that the Bangani language is closely related to, or belongs to, the Western Pahari languages.
Status
editAccording to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), all of Western Pahari languages, except for Dogri, are under either definitely endangered or critically endangered category.[2] None of these languages, except for Dogri, have any official status.
The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha. There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are striving to save the language. Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and having a higher mutual intelligibility with other recognised languages like Dogri.[3]
In October 2021 a PIL was also filed in the Himachal Pradesh High Court which re-ignited the quest for recognizing Pahari (Himachali) or Western Pahari dialect chain spoken in Himachal as one of official languages of Himachal Pradesh.The petitioners through the PIL also requested the court to direct the State government to promote Pahari (Himachali) and other local languages as the medium of instruction in primary and middle-level schools as per the National Education Policy, 2020. As well as also prayed that the court direct the state government to include Pahari (Himachali) language as a separate category for the 2021 census of India and simultaneously undertake an awareness campaign to create awareness amongst the masses, especially the youth of the State who speak Pahari (Himachali), to get it marked as their mother tongue in the upcoming Census. A bench of Chief Justice Mohammad Rafiq and Justice Sabina while disposing off the PIL stated,“The direction as has been prayed for, cannot be issued to the State Government until and unless it is established on record that the Pahari (Himachali) language has its own script and that a common Pahari dialect is spoken throughout the State of Himachal Pradesh. We, however, set the petitioner at liberty to approach the Department of Language Art & Culture to the Government of Himachal Pradesh with his demand for undertaking research to promote a common Pahari (Himachali) nuclear language structure and nuclear Tankri script. If the petitioner approaches the respondents-State through its Additional Chief Secretary (Language Art & Culture) to the Government of Himachal Pradesh) for the prayer made in the Civil Writ Public Interest Litigation, it would be for the said authority to consider the same in accordance with the law.” Additionally, the petition had emphasised that Sanskrit, which is the second official language of the state, had only 936 speakers according to the 2011 census and Pahari (Himachali) dialect chain which is spoken by more than 40 lakh people was being neglected and has not been made an official language even after having so many speakers.[4] [5]
References
edit- ^ "Family: Himachali". Glottolog 4.1.
- ^ "Endangered languages". TheGuardian.com. 15 April 2011.
- ^ Serena Hussain, Vishal Sharma (21 February 2021). "Why Recognising Indigenous Language Movements Is Crucial in Contemporary South Asia". The Wire. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
- ^ D, Madan (12 November 2021). "PIL Filed in HP High Court Re-Ignites Quest for Recognizing Pahari (Himachali) as Hill State's Official Language". Himachal Watcher. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ The Wire, Staff (16 November 2021). "Himachal High Court Passes Order in PIL To Make Pahari Official State Language". The Wire. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
Bibliography
edit- Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
External links
edit- Map of Western Pahari languages from Grierson's early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India
- A brief history of Pahari Languages on YouTube
- Western Pahari on Facebook
- Himachali Bhasa an effort by Himachal Pradesh State to form a Pahari language out of Western Pahari languages of the state.
