White Mosque of Ramle

White Mosque
White Mosque
المسجد الأبيض‎; המסגד הלבן‎
	Minaret of the White Mosque, 2006
Religion
Affiliation	Islam
Location
Location	Ramla, Central District
Country	Israel
	Location of Ramla's White Mosque within Israel
Geographic coordinates	31°55′39.21″N 34°51′57.67″E / 31.9275583°N 34.8660194°E
Architecture
Architect(s)	Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
Type	Islamic
Style	Umayyad, Mamluk
Completed	717 CE (enclosure); rebuilt by 1047; second phase 1190; third phase 1268 (minaret); rebuilt 1318 and 1408
Specifications
Dome(s)	1
Minaret(s)	1
Minaret height	27 metres (89 ft)

The White Mosque (Arabic: المسجد الأبيض, romanized: al-Masjid al-Abyad; Hebrew: המסגד הלבן, romanized: HaMisgad HaLavan) was an Umayyad-era mosque located in Ramle, Israel.^[3] Only its minaret is still standing. According to local Islamic tradition, the northwestern section of the mosque contained the shrine of an Islamic prophet, Salih.^[4]

The minaret is also known as the Tower of the Forty Martyrs.^[5]^[6] Islamic tradition dating back to 1467 claims that forty companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad were buried at the mosque, which influenced an erroneous^[2] Western Christian tradition from the 16th century that the White Mosque was originally a church dedicated to the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste.^[7]^[8]

History

First phase

Construction on the White Mosque was initiated by the Umayyad governor (and future caliph) Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik in 715–717 CE,^[9] but was completed by his successor Umar II in 720.^[2] The mosque itself was constructed of marble, while its courtyard was made of other local stone.^[10] Some two-and-a-half centuries later, Al-Maqdisi (c. 945/946–991) described it as follows:

“The chief mosque of al-Ramla is in the market, and it is even more beautiful and graceful than that of Damascus (Umayyad Mosque). It is called al-Abyad the White Mosque. In all Islam there is found no finer mihrab (prayer niche) than the one here, and its pulpit is the most splendid to be seen after that of Jerusalem; also it possesses a beautiful minaret, built by the caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. I have heard my uncle relate that when this caliph was about to build the minaret, it was reported to him that the Christians possessed columns of marble, at this time lying buried beneath the sand, which they had prepared for the Church of Baliʾah (Abu Ghosh). Thereupon the caliph Hisham informed the Christians that either they must show him where these columns lay, or that he would demolish their church at Lydda (Church of Saint George), and employ its columns for the building of his mosque. So the Christians pointed out where they had buried their columns. They are very thick, and tall, and beautiful. The covered portion (or main building) of the mosque is flagged with marble, and the court with other stone, all carefully laid together. The gates of the main-building are made of cypress-wood and cedar, carved in the inner parts, and very beautiful in appearance.”^[11]

Reconstructions

The White Mosque from the east, early 20th century

An earthquake in January 1034 destroyed the mosque, "leaving it in a heap of ruins", along with a third of the city. In 1047, Nasir Khusraw reported that the mosque had been rebuilt.^[2]

After the initial reconstruction, Saladin ordered in 1190 one of his outstanding architects, Ilyas Ibn ʿAbd Allah, to supervise what is considered the second construction phase of the mosque. Ilyas built the mosque's western side and the western enclosure wall, together with the central wudu building.^{[dubious – discuss]}^[1]

The third phase, in 1267–1268, began after the final fall of the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem. On the orders of the Mamluk sultan al-Zahir Baibars, the mosque was rededicated and modified by adding the minaret, the dome, a new pulpit and prayer niche, a portico east of the minaret, and two halls outside the enclosure.^[4]^[2]^[1] Later Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad renovated the minaret after an earthquake in October 1318.^[1] The Mamluks again commissioned restoration works in 1408.^[12]

The last restoration of the White Mosque of Ramle took place during between 1844-1918. Since then, the mosque has been mostly destroyed, except for its minaret.^[13]

Architecture

Outline and prayer hall

The White Mosque's compound is rectangular, 93 by 84 meters (305 ft × 276 ft), and oriented to the cardinal points.^[12] A large, open courtyard is surrounded by built structures and walls.^[12]

The 12 meters (39 ft) wide prayer hall stands along the southern wall, with twelve openings northwards to the courtyard.^[12] Its ceiling consists of cross-vaults supported by a central row of pillars.^[12] The ceiling and the western part of the prayer hall are 12th-century additions made by Saladin, who also had a new mihrab (prayer niche) built.^[12]

Much of the mosque was built in white marble with cypress and cedar wood used for the doors. Of its four facades, the eastern one is in disrepair.^[4]^{[dubious – discuss]}

Minaret (the "White Tower")

The White Tower after January rains

The current Mamluk-built minaret stands on the northern side of the mosque compound, is square in shape and five stories high, each adorned with window niches, and has a balcony towards the top. The minaret was probably influenced by Crusader-era Christian architecture, but it was built by the Mamluks.^[4] 27 meters (89 ft) tall,^[9] it is accessed via a staircase with 125 steps and contains small rooms, which could be used for resting or as study rooms.^[1]

Al-Maqdisi mentions a minaret in the 10th century.^[11] There is speculation about a minaret predating the Mamluk one that may have been located closer to the centre of the mosque, as remnants of a square foundation have been found there. However, this may have been just a fountain.^[4]^{[dubious – discuss]}

Courtyard and cisterns

Below the central courtyard of the mosque, there are three large and well-preserved underground cisterns with barrel-vaults carried by pillars.^[1] Two cisterns (the southern and western ones) were filled by an underground water duct probably connected to the aqueduct built simultaneously with the mosque and city, which brought spring water (probably from the vicinity of Gezer to the east).^[1]^[14] The third eastern cistern was supplied by runoff rainwater.^[1] The reservoirs provided water for worshippers at the mosque and filled the pool for wudu at the center of the courtyard, of which only the foundation remains today.^[12]

Archaeological excavations

Remains of the White Mosque in Ramla (pictured in 2014) built by Sulayman and his cousin and successor Umar II

Excavations conducted by the State of Israel in 1949 on behalf of the Ministry of Religious Services and the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums revealed that the mosque enclosure was built in the form of a quadrangle and included the mosque itself; two porticoes along the quadrangle's east and west walls; the north wall; the minaret; an unidentified building in the centre to the area; and three subterranean cisterns. The mosque was a broad-house, with a qibla facing Mecca. Two inscriptions were found that mention repairs to the mosque: the first relates that sultan Baibars built a dome over the minaret and added a door; the second inscription states that in 1408, Seif ed-Din Baighut ez-Zahiri had the walls of the southern cistern coated with plaster.^[15]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Haifa University Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Excavation in Marcus Street Ramla; Reports and studies of the recanati Institute for maritime studies Excavations, Haifa 2007
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Pringle, 1998, pp. 182-185
^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "White Mosque in Ramle". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Al-Abyad Mosque Archnet Digital Library. Archived 2013-09-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ Lamartine, A. de (1835). A Pilgrimage to the Holy Land. A. Waldie. p. 166.
^ Chateaubriand, F.-R. de (1814). Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt, and Barbary, During the Years 1806 and 1807. Van Winkle and Wiley. pp. 242.
^ George Robinson (1837). Travels in Palestine and Syria: In Two Volumes. Palestine. Colburn. p. 30.
^ Katia Cytryn-Silverman (2010). "The Mamluk Minarets of Ramla". Bulletin du Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem. 21.
^ ^a ^b White Mosque Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 26 Dec. 2008.
^ al-Muqaddasi quoted in Le Strange, 1890, p.305.
^ ^a ^b al-Muqaddasi quoted in Le Strange, 1890, p.304.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Ramla: Arab Capital of the Province of Palestine". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 17 November 1999. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ "Great Mosque of Ramla, White Mosque | IRCICA". www.islamicarchitecturalheritage.com. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
^ Gorzalczany, Amir (2011). "The Umayyad Aqueduct to Ramla and Other Finds near Kibbutz Na'an". 'Atiqot (68). Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA): 193–219 (207, 211). ISBN 978-965-406-281-7. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
^ White Mosque in Ramle, UNESCO "Tentative Lists" for World Heritage sites, submitted 30/06/2000. Accessed August 2020.

Bibliography

Le Strange, G. (1890). Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
Pringle, D. (1998). The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: L-Z (excluding Tyre). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39037-0.