Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2007 January 28

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January 28

Picture of Gabriel Richard

I found a picture of Fr. Gabriel Richard for use in the Gabriel Richard article, but I can not tell if it is a very old photograph or a very good painting. I mainly need to know if this image is acceptable for upload and use on Wikipedia. The image is in the people section of this website: [1] Grhs126studenttalk 01:12, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

It looks like a painting to me, but it's hard to tell. You can call the Gabriel Richard Historical Society: Phone 313 963-1888; fax 313 496-0429. I got that contact info from this page, which also shows a nice old mural thats looks like it might be a WPA (and hence PD).--Pharos 01:40, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

costs of printing

Let's say I buy a copy of the Encyclopedia Britannica on DVD (or downloaded the entire wikipedia, whichever). Assuming I have a top of the line printer already, how much would it cost me to print the entire thing?

I guess what I'm asking for, is, what is the cost per page with the best printer available today?

Please no "well it depends..." answers, because I know a lot depends on this (prices of paper, quality of paper, ink, etc.) just make a judgement of the question and say what you mean to say. Thanks. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.225.185.24 (talk) 03:22, 28 January 2007

It also depends on the font size, how much text you print on each page... 惑乱 分からん 08:30, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

oh, yeah? Does it really depend on variables? wow, what a refreshingly relevant answer from the man with all the ideas. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.225.185.24 (talk) 23:33, 28 January 2007

The Encyclopedia Britannica would be much cheaper. ;-) The [cost of paper] varies wildly depending on how you go about getting it (not necessarily depending on the type, although this does affect the price as well). Also keep in mind that toner cartridges for a really good printer would probably be on the high end (didn't bother getting an estimate here). But essentially the cost per page would come out to a nearly flat rate that you could figure out using the cost of the paper itself, and how many pages your printer can print with one toner cartridge. In the end, I'd guesstimate (based on my own HP LaserJet something or other) an end result of 2 cents per page. V-Man737 15:22, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

oh, yeah? Does it really depend on variables? wow, what a refreshingly relevant answer from the man with all the ideas. - Woo, great way to start into wikipedia, by quasi-insulting the peers that try to help you. Good luck getting more help on this question. Gotta go on a date with Irony... Aetherfukz 16:03, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

I was Head of Procurement for a large British Civil Service Department and as part of my duties was responsible for buying amongst other commodities, Photocopiers, Printers, Toner Cartridges, Inks, Paper and other "consumables". In trying to encourage reductions in costs, I once carried out a whole life costing for printing a typical sheet of A4 with a typical amount of black text and some emboldened graphics and headings, including the acquisition cost of the printer (usually a top end HP model), running costs, power, paper, toner etc. I know nobody will believe this (certainly none of my Civil Service colleagues did including the Head of Department with the result that no effective reductions were achieved), but my calculations, which were subsequently verified by some of my suppliers, was 7 pence per side of A4 (UK) or about 14 cents (US). I don't know how many sides are bound into the Encyclopaedia Brittanica but that information I have given might be a useful starting point for you. Also, it may be useful to note that the toner and photocopier/printer suppliers I consulted during the foregoing exercise told me "in confidence" that the trade name for Black Toner is BLACK GOLD. And the paper suppliers I consulted on the effects on paper consumption of the exponential production of electronic media answered my query about when to expect the arrival of the Paperless Office as being about 2 weeks after the paperless toilet. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.145.242.73 (talk) 19:28, 29 January 2007 (UTC).

There would be no simple way to determine the cost...as mentioned above, it depends largely on variables. Paper quality, ink used, font size (affecting number of printed sheets), so on and so forth. It would be impossible for someone to provide you with a definite cost. However, it is not that expensive nowadays to print in large quantities, so the price wouldn't be significant...but if this DVD set of Britannica would contain all 32 hardcover volumes, that is a serious amount of content you're dealing with there, expect to print a couple thousand sheets. You'd need a lot of paper, at least.

Considering that you're willing to print out the entire Encyclopedia Britannica and have the space for it, why not just buy the normal hardcover set? Save yourself some trouble. --Xertz 03:52, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Using your own printer would likely be far more expensive than getting it printed at Kinko's or some other professional copy center. The reason is that you are unlikely to have equipment at home meant for this volume. Therefore, you are likely to need to replace ink cartridges several times, constantly refill the paper supply, clear paper jams, and possibly replace the entire printer. All of this could end up costing hundreds of dollars and a great deal of aggravation. In addition, you will have the problem of binding the finished product. A copy center will have equipment to do this, as well. StuRat 12:22, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

The bottom line (with my guesstimates) is around $8,000 for Encyclopedia Britannica, about $120,000 for the English Wikipedia and about $360,000 for all of Wikipedia. There are big error bars on those numbers depending on font size, choice of printing technology, whether you print single or double sided, etc, etc. But the cost is totally dominated by the cost of ink/toner so the choice of printing double-sided doesn't change things much - choosing a smaller font cuts down both on paper and toner costs - so choose the smallest font size you can bear.

Here is how I arrived at those numbers. Let's try with some assumptions: Looking at some random pages I've printed out recently in fonts I like (10-point), I get about 50 lines per page with maybe an average of 50 characters per line for a total of about 2,500 characters per page. According to Wikipedia:Size_comparisons, the online/DVD version of Brittanica is 300 million characters - so you're looking at about 120,000 pages if printed single-sided, half that for double-sided. I'm not including photos - that maybe adds 10% but that's a small concern compared to all of the other approximations we're making here. The English-language Wikipedia is about 15 times larger - so 1.8 million pages - single sided. If you printed all of the other language versions you'd just about triple that - so 5.4 million pages. Cost per page? Well, paper supplies come in at maybe $35 for a box of 6,000 sheets (Staples prices, today) - so for Britannica you'll need 20 boxes of paper for $700, for English-only Wikipedia you'll need 300 boxes for $10,500 and for all of Wikipedia, 900 boxes of paper and $31,400 worth of paper alone. A laser printer toner cartridge is generally rated for around 1000 sheets of 'normal' printing - and the cheap 'remanufactured' ones cost maybe $50 each. So for Britannica, 120 toner cartriges costing $6000, for English Wiki, 1,800 cartridges costing you $90,000 and for all of Wikipedia 5,400 toner cartridges and $270,000. I suspect you'd wear out a typical laser printer every 100 or so cartridges and let's suppose you are paying $500 for each one - so you'll need two printers for Britannica costing $1000, thirty for English Wikipedia costing you $15,000 and ninety printers for the whole of Wikipedia at $45,000. So, the grand total of paper plus toner plus worn-out printers is going to be $7,700 - which is about twice the cost to buy a nice leather-bound set directly from them. For English-only Wikipedia, it's going to be $115,500 and for all of Wikipedia, $346,500. As you can see, the cost of printing is completely dominated by the cost of the toner cartridges. The time it would take to print at maybe 6000 pages per hour with a single printer is about a day for Britannica, more than two weeks for English Wikipedia and about a month and a half for the whole of Wikipedia. Of course since you know you'll be wearing out a lot of printers, you could buy them all up-front instead of waiting for them to break - then you could run all of the printers at once and you could print any of the three examples in about a day. SteveBaker 06:35, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

And this in-depth research you've done verifies, what? Trying to print the entire Encyclopedia Britannica would be awfully cost prohibitive. The CD versions are intended as a quick reference, not very convenient for accesing in its entirety. For this reason I'm suggesting that the original poster purchases the hardcover, print volumes. I'd understand any reluctancy towards that approach if you wanted to conserve space, but several thousand printed pages aren't exactly fit for that task, either. You would save a considerable sum of money by going with the hardcover volumes. However, like the editors above have mentioned, going this course and printing out the entire encyclopedia might be worthwile if you could have it professionally printed at a place like Kinko's, because consumer printers really aren't suited for such a high volume of content. --Xertz 18:07, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

internet captioned pictures

Is there a term, academic or not, for the short, punchy picture-with-caption one-liners that get used on message boards a lot? E.G.: "You make kitty scared", etc. 128.113.149.103 06:21, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

I believe they're called image macros. —Ilmari Karonen (talk) 11:03, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Wow, I never knew that... 68.39.174.238 19:10, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

typewrtier ribbons

Approximately how many words can you type with a brand new typewriter ribbon before needing to replace it? I'm concerned with the typical Smith Corona portable typewriter, 70s-era. Thanks.

this link (http://debarth-fics.com/ribbon%20pages/ribbonsExpalined.htm) shows a little but doesn't seem to confirm an 'average' timescale for them to last. Hope it helps ny156uk 11:42, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

A great site for this sort of question -- though I don't remember seeing typewriter ribbons there -- is how much is inside. —Steve Summit (talk) 15:43, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

"Needing to replace it" is a very subjective matter. A typewriter ribbon doesn't simply "go bad". Instead, the print produced gets fainter over time. A company I used to work for used a dot-matrix printer for a great deal of printing. The ribbon used was similar to a typewriter ribbon, and we'd typically get 10,000 to 20,000 pages before someone would complain about it being too dim to read. --Carnildo 22:41, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

The above is for traditional fabric ribbons; carbon-film ribbons, which produce sharper and blacker letters, are used once only (see at Typewriters#Electric designs) and do run out suddenly. Cartridges with both types of ribbon were available for the Smith-Corona portable typewriter that I bought around 1978. --Anonymous, January 31, 2007, 02:40 (UTC).

The silicon valley of India

I am puzzled regarding the extent of modernisation in the Garden city of Bangalore.. Are there any call girls or escorts out there?? There is a likelihood of moving down to that place in the near future.. How exactly is the atmosphere? Are there any decent escort services?? Kindly advise !! Garb wire 09:35, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

I can't attest to their decency, but this google search turns up plenty of agencies. Have fun, and be safe! Natgoo 10:47, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

GCSE Law

This is an extremely odd question: my 15-year-old son wishes to take a GCSE in Law (an AQA syllabus, taken at the end of June in Britain) and I was wondering if anyone knows: is it possible to study for this over the summer holidays this year - for example, a summer class about it? Thanks--anon

There are a few open learning options - try here and here. If your son wishes to attend classes while undertaking the course it will help us greatly if you tell us where you are. Natgoo 10:45, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

I'm in London, England. Near Wimbledon, but I can travel into central London if necessary.--anon

The only course I could find is this, starting in April in Barking. It's on Friday mornings, though, so school flexibility may be an issue. Of the other courses I found, the minimum was 27 weeks, and most were of one year duration (and one cost £12 000!). I think enrolling in an open learning course is his only real option if he is married to the idea of sitting the exam this year (if the Barking course is unsuitable or full), but that of course depends on his capacity for independent learning. Good luck to both of you! Natgoo 19:21, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Smoking Ban USA

82.47.26.79 10:59, 28 January 2007 (UTC)Where in the US was the 1st statutory ban on smoking in restaurants

I've not checked the page thoroughly but List of smoking bans in the United States may provide the answer. From a very quick 'scan' the earliest date that 'jumped out' at me was a place in Wisconsin. ny156uk 11:39, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

According to the page, San Luis Obispo, California, had the first ban on smoking in public buildings, in 1990. Marco polo 00:20, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Oops, I failed to notice that you are specifically asking about restaurants. According to this site, several cities or towns, mainly in California, Illinois, or Massachusetts, enacted restrictions on smoking in restaurants in 1983. this article suggests that these restrictions mandated "no-smoking" areas within restaurants. According to the first source, the first full ban on smoking in restaurants was adopted in 1987 in Beverly Hills, California. Marco polo 02:05, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Need History of Audio Player and Audio Recorders

I am a post graduate student,developing a software for playing and recording audio files of following audio formats:

      1.Au
      2.Aiff
      3.wav

I am preparing project report for the same.I need some information about history of audio players and recorders.How they were invented,which were initial file formats supported to play and or record.What sort of audio players and recorders are available now.I have searched a lot about it on internet,but could not get any useful information. It will be great if anyone could show some light on this topic.I am doing my part but it will be very useful if any of expert amongst you help me out.

Thanks 219.64.26.242 16:27, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

You did not specify digital audio recorders and players, so see Phonograph which says the first audio recorder, the phonautograph, (which could not play back a recording, but made the waveform visible) was invented in 1857, and the phonograph, which could record and playback sound, was invented in 1877. Edison 23:06, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

How utterly appropriate that Edison answers this. ^_^ V-Man737 10:17, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

I just missed to mention that the player and recorder is digital audio and recorder.I capture data from mike and save it in computer in above specified format.Is there any other information related digital players and recorders? Author of the problem 05:55, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Phasor diagrams

hello well i have great difficulty in drawing phasor digs of ac circuits and i really need help plz help me!

joy

I'm familiar with phasors but have never heard about digging them... 68.39.174.238 19:11, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Try phasor; sorry I can't help you further, but my knowledge is very rusty. You'd probably get more assistance at the Science desk. Clarityfiend 19:22, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

If memory serves, a phasor is simply representing a complex impedance with a vector. Draw a complex plane (real/imaginary axes) and plot each element of the circuit on the plane. A resistor has no phase change, so it lies along the real axis. An inductor is purely imaginary and leads by 90 degrees, while a capacitor lags by 90 degrees. Series connections simply add the vectors of the two components, while parallel connections do something different that I don't recall. Eventually you'll get a vector for the equivelant circuit. anonymous6494 13:03, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

home work - what are my views / understanding of the city, the financial centre of uk???

can someone plz help my with my home work... what are my views / understanding of the city, the financial centre of uk???

what does this mean

The City = the City of London, which is not the same as Greater London, for example. Skittle 17:05, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Specifically, look at The Bank of England, The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street, The London Stock Exchange, and The Financial Times Share Index (FTSE). After reading about those powerhouses of the British Economy, you should be able to present a star project. Good Luck.

Cheats, hints, anything for the game "Drift: When Worlds Collide"?

Any level skipping cheat or anything else would be helpful. Especially how to get past level 10. Thanks! Trying to get past the level today! 71.85.0.61 18:05, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

After digging through this search for a while, I have come to the conclusion that there is only one "cheat," and it's not the greatest in the world at that. Essentially, run the program using DOS and add /debug at the end of the command line; this will give you access to a menu while running the game that, apparently, allows you to jump from level to level. V-Man737 10:25, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Anyone who has played the game, and knows how to beat level 10 w/o losing wingmen? 'Cause that's really what I'm worried about. 71.85.0.61 23:41, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Check out this site: Gamewinners.com. I've used it for many years & it has "unstuck" me on numerous occasions. If your game has any hints of cheats, it will be there... :) Spawn Man 05:05, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Well, I finally got past the level (w/o cheating), but I lost two of my best wingmen. Oh, well. More will come, and I've gone farther now without much trouble. Thanks anyway! 71.85.0.61 13:09 2 February 2007 (ET)

Any hints for future gamers hiking your path? V-Man737 07:03, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Tell them to work their hardest at destroying the Rocket Turrets on the back underside of the King ship after they destroy the stabilizers. 71.85.0.61 16:31 (ET)

Cooking... too much flour

I'm cooking some chocolate bombes as a surprise for the wife. I have a recipe from a restaurant and it makes 40 of these things. I'm cutting the recipe in half because we don't need 40. So I've been halving the ingredients but I made a mistake with the flour. I looked at the card and forgot about halving it. So is there something that can be done/added to make up for the fact that I doubled the flour? I don't have enough of the other ingredients to just double everything else and make a full batch. Dismas|^(talk) 18:29, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Well, whatever you do, if you're not using the same ingredients in the same ratios, you're not going to get the same effect. Do you have enough ingredients left that you could quarter the recipe and start again? Or, you could halve your well-mixed mixture-so-far, then add quarter quantities of the other ingredients (not the flour again!) to get the ratios back. If you don't have enough for that, you could quarter your mixture-so-far, and add eighth quantities of the other ingredients. Skittle 18:54, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Nope. No more vanilla extract to do something like that. I don't think I would have enough brown sugar either. I went ahead with it all the way it was. The first batch is in the oven now. I'll know in about 20 minutes just what happens. Thanks though. Dismas|^(talk) 19:00, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

I'm curious. Please tell us soon, and don't leave us in suspension... 惑乱 分からん 19:25, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

I'm curious too. Personally, if the only problem had been lack of vanilla extract, I wouldn't have worried about it. A little vanilla extract goes a long way in flavour, and doesn't affect the texture. Skittle 19:38, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

I don't even use vanilla extract. Someone here is allergic to vanilla (their eyes and lips puff up something incredibly), so I omit it in every circumstance. Never noticed a difference. Personally, I'm beginning to think it's a scam. --Charlene 04:32, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Julia Child must have been smiling down on me today! The first batch is out and ever so tasty and delicious and chocolatey and.... They're just the way I remember them being. I'm not sure why though, I thought it would have affected them more. I have to cook them for 12 minutes, turn, then cook for 12 more. I now have batch two in for the second 12 minutes and the third batch in for the first 12. Doing that so I don't have to have the oven running with nothing in it while I take the finished ones out of the pans! I like efficiency. Dismas|^(talk) 19:47, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

You might want to write down the doubling of the flour on your recipe. This is your creation now! In my family, two of the more popular cakes were created by accidents similar to your case, and they've been re-created that exact same way many times since. ---Sluzzelin 21:01, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Well, I'm going to try the recipe with the correct ratios first to determine if there is an observable difference. If there isn't, I'll go with the smaller amount of flour. Dismas|^(talk) 01:22, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

I'd do just the opposite. Since flour in one of the most healthy ingredients and likely the least expensive ingredient (except salt, perhaps ?), you should use as much of it as possible. If it tastes the same, try to maximize the cheap, healthy portion and reduce the expensive, unhealthy portion. StuRat 12:10, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Shower Curtain

I had asked a question about why the Shower curtain leans in during a shower about a year ago, however, I have a follow up question to that. Why does it lean in More if i push it out?—Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.210.84.217 (talk • contribs)

Perhaps because this increases the air space at the bottom, allowing more air to flow in and thus increase the updraught.--Shantavira 20:55, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Before speculating further, definitely read The Straight Dope on this question. (I don't think it specifically addresses this followup question, though. OP: what is your followup question? Are you saying that the curtain bulges inward, and when you try to push it outward, the part you're not pushing bulges more?) —Steve Summit (talk) 21:07, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Bernoulli's principle according to New Scientist --Tagishsimon (talk)

Definitely Bernoulli's principle. Same reason that when a train rushes past you on the platform you feel a pull towards it caused by the reduction of pressure in the path of the train as it pushes the air out of the way at high speed. Darkhorse06 19:41, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Hand walking

I can't seem to find official (or unofficial) records of hand walking (walking on one's hands). Does anyone know of where they can be found? (Such as farthest distance walked on hands, longest time, etc.) Thanks for your help. --Proficient 20:58, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

For longest distance, Johann Hurlinger's (probably unverifiable) feat of traversing 870 miles from Vienna to Paris on his hands sounds pretty impressive and (remembering my 1970s edition) was at least mentioned in the Guinness Book of Records. But I found nothing else, except for colleges having "hand walking" races. I tried searching the Guinness Book's website, but they only show a small selection, and under Marathon Efforts, I only found things such as Pogo Stick Jumping, Greatest Distance Walked With a Milk Bottle Balanced on the Head, and Longest Lawn Mower Ride. As far as I can tell, your best bet is a recent hardcopy version of the Guinness Book. ---Sluzzelin 21:57, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for your help. I'll see if I can get ahold of one. --Proficient 23:31, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Yeah, I've noticed myself that the website for Guinness World Records is miniscule and disappointing. I hope it eventually fills in with the gooey goodness that the book was for me. V-Man737 10:27, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Same here, but probably wont happen, they'd rather sell more books than put everything on the site. Cyraan 20:43, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Adium

I have the program Adium for instant messaging and am womdering if anyone knows about it. I am stuck because I can't manage two accounts at the same time. Please tell me what I need to do, thanks.

You might try this page about creating accounts. If that doesn't work, keep in mind Adium is for managing many accounts on different programs through one central program. - AMP'd 23:13, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

What island did Dole buy?

I am doing a history project about Hawaii. At one point, the teacher mentioned that the Dole Food Company was so rich, it bought an island (from Hawaii). He didn't mention which one. I think I saw which island it was somewhere, but I don't remember where. I need an answer soon, as in an hour. Please help! 70.104.163.93 23:34, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

It was the island of Lanai, which was bought in 1922. Clio the Muse 23:44, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

And to think I had looked at that one too... I knew it started with L... Thank you so much!!!!!! You aren't a muse, you're a genius! 70.104.163.93 23:52, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Well, thank you! Clio the Muse 00:02, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

But to clarify, even though Dole bought the land on the island, it was still a part of the territory (now state) of Hawaii. StuRat 12:03, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Can I fix an article's name if I spell it wrong?

Lets say I create an article, and with out realizing it forget to capitalize a word or two in the name. Is there a way to fix it. Manitowoc lutheran high school this is what I'm talking about--ChesterMarcol 23:57, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

• never mind I fixed it, I'm a genius.

jobs

What is the highest paying job

• software company founder.--ChesterMarcol 00:03, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Specifically: microsoft founder. Go back and time, kill bill gates, and steal his code. And hope he's not your grandfather. --froth^T 06:18, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Naaah, not even close. He makes less than a million dollars in salary and bonuses. But I understand he has a nice nest egg. All i-know for certain is that the highest paid Jobs is not Steve ($1 in 2005). Clarityfiend 08:14, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Indeed, also, alot of Bill Gates' reported worth is liquid, and mostly in M$ stock, it goes up and down by insane numbers daily. If the share price were to plummet, he would still be set for life, but not worth nearly as much. Cyraan 20:42, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

• I'd say the Queen Elizabeth makes quite a bit of money... - Mgm|^(talk) 08:30, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Counterfeit tycoon or global warmer − Twas Now ( talk • contribs • e-mail ) 11:00, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Aha! I found this [2]. It's far from complete, but George Lucas weighs in at $250 million (May the dollars be with you), so movie director/producer seems like a good candidate. Maybe there's a dictator or Arab sheik out there making more, but I doubt their compensation would be categorized as a salary. Clarityfiend 16:56, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

In simple terms some of the highest 'salary' jobs are those on the board of directors or a large firm. You could be on the board of several companies and make money that way. Also if you found a company that is a good way to make money (Walmart, Microsoft, Ikea all made their founders very wealthy). Media and arts range from terrible pay to really good pay (sports stars/actors get paid very well but low-popularity sports/small-time actors get paid very little). Stock-market investors can make a fortune, people like Warren Buffet have accumulated an unbelieveable amount of money. Royalty (like the Queen of England) don't make very much anymore, I think the Queen ranked out of the top 20 in the latest British-richlist. Business is the way to make money though, and information technology is one of the sectors with the most 'prominent' rich men (and most of the 'super rich' are men for now). ny156uk

Technically, the Queen isn't paid at all. She has a personal fortune inherited from her father and a large sum of money voted from the Civil List to cover her expenses as Head of State, but she isn't actually paid a salary. -- Necrothesp 00:36, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

warm material on inside of jacket is never in the sleeves

Whay does every jacket with warm material on the inside never add that same material to the inside of the sleeves? On the inside of the sleeves is always something that feels like nylon. How can that possibly be desirable?Iownatv 23:59, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

Having nylon in the sleeves makes it much easier for you to get your arms out without turning the sleeves inside out. Dismas|^(talk) 01:12, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

The nylon isn't as warm - but primarily it's the body (torso) that needs to be kept warm - hence the difference (think bodywarmers). For truly winter coats of course the sleeves are insulated too.87.102.4.142 13:43, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

I have a jacket with a warm lining which extends down the sleeves. While it's nice and warm, it does snag on my sleeves and tend to roll them up as I put the coat on. Warofdreams talk 02:17, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

There is a simple solution, they can insulate the sleeves and also put a layer of nylon on the inside of the insulation, to reduce friction. StuRat 12:00, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

That wouldn't work as well. The point about having fluffy stuff like fur next to your body is that the fluff traps the warm air close to your body. If you put something smooth between your body and the fluff then the air gets shunted out someplace else every time you move because it can't make it through the nylon inner liner. SteveBaker 07:00, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Charlemagne's lasting impact on France

What lasting effects did Charlemagne have on France?

Read over the page on Charlemagne for an overview of his political achievements. It was he, it might be said, who began the process that led to the creation of the French nation. Clio the Muse 00:20, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Qui a eu cette idée folle / un jour d'inventer l'école ? / c'est ce sacré Charlemagne ... sings France Gall.

(Whoever that foolish design hath / a school for poo' children ? / Bloody Charlie!) -- DLL ^{.. T} 19:14, 29 January 2007 (UTC)