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Question #1 In Winter both Helsinki and Stockholm receive spells of cold arctic air. The sea at Helsinki can freeze and the coldest record at Malmi airport was -35.3 °C (-31.5 °F) in January 1987. Stockholm in contrast is built on islands surrounded by water, can receive mild Atlantic currents and its coldest record was -29.1 °C (-20.4 °F) in January 1979. For reference see www.climatestotravel.com. Philvoids (talk) 20:55, 6 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Helsinki is farther from the Atlantic Ocean. It also has no sea to its east, while Stockholm gets some warmth from the Baltic. The Gulf of Finland is too small to provide much warmth; moreover, it may freeze in winter, so it provides no warmth at all. PiusImpavidus (talk) 10:04, 7 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
The polar vortex can make American cities very, very cold. In east Asia you have cities like Harbin, which, with a continental climate, can be one of the coldest places on Earth in winter. 89.243.13.60 (talk) 11:02, 6 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
In Seattle winter is warmer than in Odesa, two cities at nearly the same latitude. In the temperate zone, being near the west coast of a continent matters. Ukraine and Romania aren't too far from the North Sea and the Mediterranean. Naturally, they get less cold in winter than cities in East Asia or the East of North America. PiusImpavidus (talk) 10:11, 7 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Question #4 Köppen group D type of climate has at least one month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)) and at least one month averaging above 10 °C (50 °F), see Köppen climate classification. These are Continental climates. Far southerly examples in the northern hemisphere include Hamadan in Iran at 35°N that has a hot-summer mediterranean continental climate (Köppen: Dsa) in transition with a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk), and one may also seek around Chongqing municipality in China for a monsoon influenced area as far south as 30°N. Philvoids (talk) 15:59, 8 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
