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Introduction
editAvul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was an aerospace scientist who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007.
Early life
editKalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabdeen was a boat owner and imam of a local mosque; his mother Ashiamma was a housewife.[1] By his early childhood, Kalam's family had become poor; at an early age, he sold newspapers to supplement his family's income.[2]
Education
editHe moved to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace engineering in Madras Institute of Technology.[3] He narrowly missed achieving his dream of becoming a fighter pilot, as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only eight positions were available in the IAF.[4]
Career as a scientist
editAfter graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organisation.[5] Kalam had first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[6]
ISRO
editKalam was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist.[3]
SLV
editIn 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) where he was the project director of India's first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980 [6]
PSLV
editBetween the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an effort to develop the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and SLV-III projects, both of which proved to be successful.[6]
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Integrated Guided Missile Development Program
editHe was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts.[7]
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Missile Man of India Hindustan
editHe thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.[8][9]
Pokhran-II
editHe also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.[10]
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Coronary stent
editIn 1998, along with cardiologist Soma Raju, Kalam developed a low cost coronary stent, named the "Kalam-Raju Stent".[11]
praise for Abdul kalam
Bharat Ratna
editKalam was hounoured with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, in 1997, before becoming the President. He was awarded for his work in the fields of space and defence technologies.[12]
Presidency
editKalam served as the 11th President of India, succeeding K. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election, and his term lasted from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007.[13] He was also the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.[14] During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the People's President.[15]
Post-presidency
editAfter leaving office, Kalam became a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, and the Indian Institute of Management Indore; an honorary fellow of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore;[78] chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram; professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University; and an adjunct at many other academic and research institutions across India. He taught information technology at the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, and technology at Banaras Hindu University and Anna University.[79]
In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme for the youth of India called the What Can I Give Movement, with a central theme of defeating corruption.[80][81]
In 2011,A.P.J Abdul Kalam was criticised by civil groups over his stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant; he supported the establishment of the nuclear power plant and was accused of not speaking with the local people.[82] The protesters were hostile to his visit as they saw him as a pro-nuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the assurances he provided regarding the safety features of the plant.[83]
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Death
editWhile delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent cardiac arrest on 27 July 2015, aged 83.[16] Thousands including national-level dignitaries attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameshwaram, where he was buried with full state honours.[17]
Memorial
editThe Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam National Memorial[18] was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei Karumbu, in the island town of Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in July 2017.[19]
References
edit- ^ "APJ Abdul Kalam speaks to Editorial Director M.J. Akbar about presidential elections 2012 : INTERVIEW – India Today". indiatoday.intoday.in. Archived from the original on 31 July 2015.
- ^ Sharma, Mahesh; Das, P.K.; Bhalla, P. (2004). Pride of the Nation : Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-288-0806-7. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ^ a b "Bio-data: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 1 March 2012. Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Failed in my dream of becoming pilot: Abdul Kalam in new book". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 18 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ Gopalakrishnan, Karthika (23 June 2009). "Kalam tells students to follow their heart". The Times of India. Chennai, India. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
- ^ a b c editor; Ramchandani (2000). Dale Hoiberg (ed.). A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas to Cypress). New Delhi: Encyclopædia Britannica (India). p. 2. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ Pruthi, R. K. (2005). "Ch. 4. Missile Man of India". President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Anmol Publications. pp. 61–76. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6.
- ^ "India's 'Mr. Missile': A man of the people". 30 July 2015. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ "Kalam's unrealised 'Nag' missile dream to become reality next year". 30 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ Sen, Amartya (2003). "India and the Bomb". In M. V. Ramana; C. Rammanohar Reddy (eds.). Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream. Sangam Books. pp. 167–188. ISBN 978-81-250-2477-4.
- ^ "Story of indigenous stents". The Hindu-Businessline. India. 15 August 2001. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012.
- ^ "List of Bharat Ratna Awardees" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, India. 2010. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- ^ "Former Presidents, Rashtrapati Bhavan". Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ "A P J Kalam is sworn in as India's eleventh President". Rediff.com. 25 July 2002. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ Tyagi, Kavita; Misra, Padma (23 May 2011). Basic Technical Communication. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 124. ISBN 978-81-203-4238-5.
- ^ Rishi Iyengar (28 July 2015). "India Pays Tribute to 'People's President' A.P.J. Abdul Kalam". Time Inc. Archived from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
- ^ Neha Singh (30 July 2015). "'People's President' APJ Abdul Kalam Buried with Full State Honours in Rameswaram". International Business Times. IANS. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
- ^ "Official Name as given by Press Information Bureau, Government of India". Archived from the original on 23 October 2016.
- ^ "Images of the Inauguration function published at the website of Defence Research & Development Organisation". Archived from the original on 2 August 2017.