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Definition
editTyphoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a bacterial illness caused by Salmonella typhi.[1]
Onset of illness
editSymptoms typically begin, six to thirty days after exposure to food or water, contaminated with the feces of an infected person.[2]
Symptoms
editEarly symptoms may vary from mild to severe.[3][4] Usually, there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days;[3] weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, and mild vomiting.[4][5]
Other symptoms
editSome people will develop a skin rash, with rose colored spots.[4]
Severe cases and carriers
editIn severe cases there may be confusion.[5] Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months.[4]
Carriers
editOther people may carry the bacterium without being affected; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others.[2]
Causes
editThe cause is the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, that grows in the intestines and blood.[4][5]
Spread
editTyphoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person.
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Risk factor
editRisk factors include poor sanitation and poor hygiene.[1]
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Risk factor 2
editThose who travel in the developing world are also at risk.[5]
Diagnosis
editBecause symptoms are similar to those of many other infectious diseases,[5] diagnosis requires either culturing the bacteria, or detecting the bacterium's DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow.[4][1][6]
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Bone marrow testing
editCulturing the bacterium can be difficult, so [7] bone marrow testing is the most accurate.[6]
Prevention
editThe chlorination of public drinking water led to the sharp reduction of typhoid in developed nations.[8] In typhoid-endemic countries,
Typhoid vaccines have been shown to prevent 40 to 90% of cases during the first two years,[9] and may have some effect for up to seven years.[1]
Travel to endemic areas
editVaccination is recommended for those at high risk, or people traveling to areas where the disease is common.[2]
,_administers_a_bi-annual_Typhoid_vaccination.jpg)
Other efforts
editOther efforts to prevent the disease include providing clean drinking water, good sanitation, and handwashing.[4][2]
Infected persons quarantine
editUntil it has been confirmed that an individual's infection is cleared, the individual should not prepare food for others.[4]
Treatment
editThe disease is treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, or third generation cephalosporins.[1]
Resistance
editResistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment more difficult.[1][10]
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Epidemiology
editIn 2015, there were 12.5 million new cases worldwide.[11]
Epidemiology - geography
editThe disease is most common in India.[1]
Epidemiology - demographic
editChildren are most commonly affected.[1][2]
Prognosis
editRates of disease decreased in the developed world in the 1940s, as a result of improved sanitation, and use of antibiotics to treat the disease.[2]
Risk of death
editThe risk of death may be as high as 20% without treatment, and 1 to 4% with treatment.[2]
History
editThe most notorious carrier of typhoid fever, but by no means the most destructive, was Mary Mallon, also known as Typhoid Mary.
History 2
editIn 1907, she was the first typhoid carrier identified and traced, while working as a cook in New York. She was associated with 53 cases and three deaths.[12]
History 3
editShe died of pneumonia after 26 years in quarantine.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Wain, J; Hendriksen, RS; Mikoleit, ML; Keddy, KH; Ochiai, RL (21 March 2015). "Typhoid fever". Lancet. 385 (9973): 1136–45. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7. PMID 25458731.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper" (PDF). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 83 (6): 49–59. February 8, 2008. PMID 18260212. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015.
- ^ a b Anna E. Newton (2014). "3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel". CDC health information for international travel 2014 : the yellow book. ISBN 9780199948499. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Typhoid Fever". cdc.gov. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Typhoid Fever". cdc.gov. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ a b Crump, JA; Mintz, ED (15 January 2010). "Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (2): 241–6. doi:10.1086/649541. PMC 2798017. PMID 20014951.
- ^ Alan J. Magill (2013). Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases (9th ed.). London: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 568–572. ISBN 9781455740437. Archived from the original on 2017-02-28.
- ^ Leal, John L. (1909). "The Sterilization Plant of the Jersey City Water Supply Company at Boonton, N.J." Proceedings American Water Works Association. pp. 100–9.
- ^ Milligan, R; Paul, M; Richardson, M; Neuberger, A (31 May 2018). "Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5: CD001261. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4. PMID 29851031.
- ^ Chatham-Stephens, K; Medalla, F; Hughes, M; Appiah, GD; Aubert, RD; Caidi, H; Angelo, KM; Walker, AT; Hatley, N; Masani, S; Nash, J; Belko, J; Ryan, ET; Mintz, E; Friedman, CR (11 January 2019). "Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among Travelers to or from Pakistan - United States, 2016-2018". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 68 (1): 11–13. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a3. PMC 6342547. PMID 30629573.
- ^ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Nova: The Most Dangerous Woman in America". Archived from the original on 2010-04-26.