This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (September 2017) |
William Charles Hopkinson (16 June 1880 – 21 October 1914) was an Indian police officer and later an immigration inspector in the Canadian Immigration Branch in Vancouver, British Columbia, who is noted for his role in infiltration and intelligence on the Ghadarite movement in North America in the early 1900s.[1][2][3]
Early life
editHopkinson was born in Delhi on 16 June 1880. His father, William Hopkinson, was then a sergeant instructor of volunteers at Allahabad. His mother, Agnes Hopkinson, may have been an Indian woman, who used a European name.[4] Raised in India, he spoke Hindi, but did not speak Punjabi well.[5] He turned to others for translation of materials written in the Gurmukhi script.
Intelligence work
editIn 1903 or 1904, he became an inspector of police in Calcutta. Hopkinson came to Canada in late 1907 or early 1908, officially on leave, but pursuing investigations for the Criminal Intelligence Department in India.
In February 1909, he was hired by the Immigration Branch (part of the Department of the Interior), as an immigration inspector and interpreter. He later became chief assistant to the Canadian inspector of immigration.[6] Hopkinson continued to work for the police in India. He reported to the deputy minister of the Interior in Ottawa and to J. A. Wallinger, Agent of the Government of India in London. He was also retained by the U.S. immigration service.
By 1910 Hopkinson was actively involved in monitoring the Indian immigration and the nationalistic separatist opinions and outlets in North America, especially Canada, and was the principal agent responsible for comprehensive British intelligence in the Pacific coast.
He openly attended public meetings in British Columbia and down the coast in Washington, Oregon and California, to gather information on Indian nationalists and separatists. He used a network of assets to provide additional information on various terrorist and separatist groups. During that time he was subjected to accusations of bribery and to threats by the objects of his intelligence work, although it has been stated that in fact this was done due to his refusal to accept bribes or to be threatened by these subjects. Hopkinson was successful in infiltrating the Ghadarite movement after its conception, and in 1914 he was involved in the Komagata Maru incident.[7]
Komagata Maru incident and aftermath
editDuring the incident, he acted as an interpreter for the Immigration Branch when passengers were questioned.
In mid-July, 1914, prior to the departure of the Komagata Maru, a local Ghadarite, Mewa Singh, was arrested while re-entering Canada from Sumas, Washington, attempting to bring weapons into Canada. Hopkinson helped to secure his release with a minor fine.
On 31 August 1914, one of Hopkinson's informants, Harnam Singh, was found murdered in Vancouver. On 3 September, another informant, Arjan Singh, was shot dead in Vancouver. On 5 September, another informant, Bela Singh, was arrested and subsequently charged with murder for killing two local Ghaderites, in what he claimed was self-defence.
Death
editThis section provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. (September 2017) |
On 21 October 1914, Hopkinson attended the provincial courthouse on West Georgia Street in Vancouver. He was there to testify at Bela Singh's murder trial, where he was expected to give evidence concerning threats made against Bela Singh, including death threats made by one of the victims. While waiting outside a courtroom, Hopkinson was assassinated by Mewa Singh. For Bhai Mewa Singh the turning came on 15 September, when he witnessed a man named Bela (who worked as an informant for the Canadian immigration department) enter the Gurdwara on West Second Avenue and was attacked and forced to shoot two Sikhs: Bhai Bhag Singh and Bhai Battan Singh. Bhai Mewa Singh, like many Sikhs, was devastated by this event especially with their source of weapons cut off and he planned to testify in revenge.
However, Bhai Mewa Singh Ji did not waver; he testified in court that Bela had shot Bhai Bhag Singh Ji and Bhai Battan Singh Ji from behind without any prior provocation. After giving this testimony Bhai Mewa Singh Ji claimed he was threatened once again by a mole named Babu who worked for inspector Hopkinson, although no evidence of this ever was provided. Bhai Mewa Singh continued to make claims he was told that the next time he was seen walking the streets of Vancouver that he would be shot dead.
Bhai Mewa Singh held inspector Hopkinson responsible for interfering in the efforts of the radical separatist group. And when Mr. Hopkinson was to appear in court on 21 October 1914, to testify in favor of Bela. Bhai Mewa Singh Ji went to court that same day and shot and killed inspector Hopkinson to prevent him from testifying. After shooting inspector Hopkinson, Bhai Mewa Singh dropped his weapons and surrendered to the authorities. Bhai Mewa Singh Ji was put on trial for the murder of Officer Hopkinson. The presiding judge found him guilty of killing an inspector and Bhai Mewa Singh Ji was sentenced to death. At his trial, he told the court that he did not regret killing Hopkinson.
"My religion does not teach me to bear enmity with anybody, nor had I any enmity with Mr. Hopkinson. He was oppressing poor people very much. I, being a staunch Sikh, could no longer bear to see the wrong done both to my countrymen and the Dominion of Canada. This is what led me to take Hopkinson’s life and sacrifice my own life. And I, performing the duty of a true Sikh and remembering the name of God, will proceed towards the scaffold with the same amount of pleasure as a hungry baby goes towards his mother."[8]
Bhai Mewa Singh Ji was executed by hanging at the New Westminster jail on 11 January 1915.[9][10]
References
edit- ^ "Echoes of Freedom:South Asian pioneers in California 1899-1965". UC, Berkeley, Bancroft Library. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ Puri 1980
- ^ Jensen 1979
- ^ Johnson 1979, p. 142
- ^ Hickman, Pamela (2014). "3: Unwelcome in Canada". Righting Canada's Wrongs: The Komagata Maru: and Canada's Anti-Indian Immigration Policies in the Twentieth Century (illustrated ed.). James Lorimer & Company. p. 43. ISBN 9781459404373.
- ^ Campbell 1999
- ^ Campbell 1999
- ^ "Shaheed Bhai Mewa Singh | Khalsa Diwan Society". kdsross.com. 12 August 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
- ^ Popplewell 1995, p. 160
- ^ www.capitalpunishmentuk.org http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/canada.html. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
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Bibliography
edit- Campbell, Peter (1999), East Meets Left: South Asian Militants and the Socialist Party of Canada in British Columbia,1904-1914.Vol 20, Autumn 1999. p 35-66, International Council for Canadian Studies
- Jensen, Joan M (1979), "The "Hindu Conspiracy": A Reassessment. The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 48, No. 1. (Feb., 1979), pp. 65-83", Pacific Historical Review, University of California Press, ISSN 0030-8684.
- Johnson, Hugh J M (1979), The Voyage of the Komagata Maru: The Sikh Challenge to Canada's Colour Bar., University of British Columbia Press, ISBN 0-7748-0340-1.
- Popplewell, Richard J (1995), Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904-1924., Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-4580-X.
- Puri, Harish K (1980), "Revolutionary Organization: A Study of the Ghadar Movement. Social Scientist, Vol. 9, No. 2/3. (Sep.–Oct., 1980), pp. 53-66", Social Scientist, doi:10.2307/3516925, ISSN 0970-0293, JSTOR 3516925.