William Scott (April 6, 1839 – April 17, 1862) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War. He was the "Sleeping Sentinel" who was pardoned by Abraham Lincoln and memorialized by a poem and then a 1914 silent film.[1]
William Scott | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Scott in 1861 | |
| Born | April 6, 1839 Groton, Vermont |
| Died | April 17, 1862 (aged 23) Yorktown, Virginia |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance | United States of America Union |
| Service | United States Army Union Army |
| Years of service | 1861–1862 |
| Rank | Private |
| Unit | Company K, 3rd Vermont Infantry |
| Battles / wars | American Civil War *Battle at Lee's Mills |
Biography
editScott was born in Groton, Vermont on April 6, 1839, the son of Thomas Scott and Mary "Polly" (Wormwood) Scott.[2] He attended the local schools of the West Groton neighborhood, and worked on his family farm.[3][4]
He joined Company K, 3rd Vermont Infantry,[5] a company of militia from nearby St. Johnsbury.
When his regiment was activated for three years of federal service, Scott's company initially performed sentry duty in and around Washington, D.C. While on guard duty near the Chain Bridge on August 31, 1861, Scott was found asleep at his post.[6] He was subsequently court-martialed, and sentenced to be executed. In Scott's defense, he had volunteered to take the place of a comrade the night before and was himself exhausted. These facts were known to the court at the time and figured prominently in newspaper reports, appeals by his superiors for clemency, and his subsequent reprieve. On September 9, Scott was scheduled to be executed. During the proceedings, after the death sentence had been read, a pardon was read, sparing his life.
Scott served faithfully with his regiment until the Battle at Lee's Mills where he was mortally wounded charging the "rifle pits". He was eventually interred at Yorktown National Cemetery in Yorktown, Virginia. Newspapers of the team reported the death of the "famous" sleeping Sentinel and reported that he fell and was initially buried on the same spot as a Revolutionary War soldier as evidenced by buttons and a belt buckle turned up as the grave was dug.[7]
The pardon
editLucius E. Chittenden, a Vermonter serving as Register of the Treasury, was credited with bringing the matter of Scott's court martial to the attention of President Lincoln after he had been asked to do so by several Vermonters serving in the Army. Lincoln agreed with Chittenden's request to pardon Scott, and interceded with General George B. McClellan.[8] McClellan's pardon of Scott read:
HEADQUARTERS OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
Washington, September 8.
Private William Scott, of Company K. of the Third regiment of Vermont volunteers, having been found guilty by court martial of sleeping on his post while a sentinel on picket guard, has been sentenced to be shot, and the sentence has been approved and ordered to be executed. The commanding officers of the brigade, the regiment and the company, of the command, together with many other privates and officers of his regiment, have earnestly appealed to the Major-General commanding, to spare the life of the offender, and the President of the United States has expressed a wish that as this is the first condemnation to death in this army for this crime, mercy may be extended to the criminal. This fact, viewed in connection with the inexperience of the condemned as a soldier, his previous good conduct and general good character, and the urgent entreaties made in his behalf, have determined the Major-General commanding to grant the pardon so earnestly prayed for. This act of clemency must not be understood as affording a precedent for any future case. The duty of a sentinel is of such a nature, that its neglect by sleeping upon or deserting his post may endanger the safety of a command, or even of the whole army, and all nations affix to the offence the penalty of death. Private William Scott of Co. K. of the Third regiment of Vermont volunteers, will be released from confinement and returned to duty.
By command of Maj.-General McClellan,
S. WILLIAMS, Asst. Adjt.-General.[5]
Investigating his life and death
editSeveral historians have researched the story of Scott's conviction, pardon and subsequent death during battle.[9]
Carl Sandburg debunked reports of Scott's alleged dramatic last words—a wish for Lincoln to be told that Scott's conduct had justified Lincoln's pardon, and a prayer for Lincoln's continued well being—as being highly improbable.[5] According to contemporary records, Scott was mortally wounded by as many as five or six bullets, was in a coma before his death, and could not have uttered anything coherent.
Sandburg also debunked dramatic accounts that had Lincoln riding into McClellan's camp to personally deliver Scott's pardon moments before the scheduled execution.
Sandburg indicated that Lincoln had not been personally aware of Scott's case. However, research in the 1990s indicated that Lincoln was indeed personally aware of the situation and did in fact intervene on Scott's behalf.[10]
In popular media
editScott was portrayed in film in The Reprieve: An Episode in the Life of Abraham Lincoln in 1908, and in Abraham Lincoln's Clemency and The Sleeping Sentinel, both in 1910. He was also acted by Eddie Sutherland[citation needed] in the feature film The Dramatic Life of Abraham Lincoln (1924).[11]
Artist Horace Pippin painted a fictional scene of Lincoln in a tent pardoning a kneeling Scott in his 1942 painting "Abraham Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, Pardons the Sentry".[12][13] The painting currently hangs in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.[14]
Notes
edit- ^ De Haes Janvier, Francis (1863). The Sleeping Sentinel. Philadelphia: T.B. Peterson & Brothers. p. 19.
- ^ "Vermont Vital Records 1720-1908, Birth Entry for William Scott". Ancestry.com. Provo, UT: Ancestry.com, LLC. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
- ^ Vermont Quarterly. Vol. 16. Montpelier, VT: Vermont Historical Society. 1948. p. 94 – via Google Books.
- ^ Writers' Program, Works progress Administration in the State of Vermont (1937). Vermont; a Guide to the Green Mountain State. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 352. ISBN 9781623760441 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b c "William Scott, The Sleeping Sentinel". Vermont in the Civil War. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
- ^ Another reference says "near Fort Marcy, Virginia, on the night of September 3, 1861." Fort Marcy is near the Chain Bridge.
- ^ "Thrilling Romance of Battle Near Lee's Mills". The Daily Green Mountain Freeman. April 24, 1862. p. 1. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
- ^ L. E. Chittenden (1909). Lincoln and the Sleeping Sentinel: The True Story. New York and London: Harper & Brothers.
- ^ Glover, Waldo F (1936). Abraham Lincoln and the sleeping sentinel of Vermont. Montpelier: Vermont Historical Society.
- ^ "Softer Side of Lincoln Comes To Light in a Trove of Papers". New York Times. New York, NY. March 15, 1998.
In one case, the documents have dispelled a legend. William Scott, often called the Sleeping Sentinel, was reprimanded for falling asleep on duty. The legend is that Lincoln went to see Scott and had him promise not to fall asleep again. According to the documents, Lincoln never saw Scott, but pardoned him on a general's advice.
- ^ Sarah Miles Bolam; Thomas J. Bolam (2007). The Presidents on Film: A Comprehensive Filmography of Portrayals from George Washington to George W. Bush. McFarland. p. 108. ISBN 9780786424818.
- ^ Ken Sundet Jones (2022-05-12). "Abraham Lincoln's Absolution: The night is dark and the battle rages — yet there is always hope". Mockingbird. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
- ^ "Abraham Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, Pardons the Sentry". Obelisk Art History. 2022. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
- ^ Horace Pippin (1942). Abraham Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, Pardons the Sentry. New York, New York: Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
References
edit- Sandburg, Carl. Abraham Lincoln: The War Years in Four Volumes. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company, 1936. 1939 edition.
See also
edit- The Reprieve: An Episode in the Life of Abraham Lincoln (1908 silent film)
- The Sleeping Sentinel (1914 silent film)