Wilms is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- André Wilms (1947–2022), French actor
- Friedrich Wilms (1848–1919), German botanist
- Johann Wilhelm Wilms (1772–1847), Dutch-German composer
- Max Wilms (1867–1918), German pathologist and surgeon
- Wilms' tumor, a rare tumor, most common in children, named after Max Wilms