The Gamilaraay or Kamilaroi language (Gamilaraay pronunciation: [ɡ̊aˌmilaˈɻaːj]) is a Pama–Nyungan language of the Wiradhuric subgroup found mostly in south-eastern Australia. It is the traditional language of the Gamilaraay (Kamilaroi), an Aboriginal Australian people. It has been noted as endangered, but the number of speakers grew from 87 in the 2011 Australian Census to 105 in the 2016 Australian Census. Thousands of Australians identify as Gamilaraay, and the language is taught in some schools.
| Gamilaraay | |
|---|---|
| Darling tributaries Kamilaroi | |
| Pronunciation | [ɡ̊aˌmilaˈɻaːj] |
| Native to | Australia |
| Region | Central northern New South Wales |
| Ethnicity | Gamilaraay, Ualarai, Kawambarai |
| Extinct | by 2007[1][2][3] |
| Revival | 1,065 (2021 census) |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kld |
| Glottolog | gami1243 |
| AIATSIS[4] | D23 |
| ELP | Gamilaraay |
| Yuwaalaraay[5] | |
 A map of the tribes of New South Wales, published in 1892. Gamilaraay is marked I. | |
 Gamilaraay is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Wirray Wirray, Guyinbaraay, Yuwaalayaay, Waalaraay and Gawambaraay are dialects; Yuwaalaraay/Euahlayi is a closely related language.
Name
editThe name Gamilaraay means 'gamil-having', with gamil being the word for 'no'. Other dialects and languages are similarly named after their respective words for 'no'. (Compare the division between langues d'oïl and langues d'oc in France, distinguished by their respective words for 'yes'.)
Spellings of the name, pronounced [ɡ̊aˌmilaˈɻaːj] in the language itself, include Goomeroi; Kamilaroi; Gamilaraay and Gamilaroi.
Dialects
edit
While AUSTLANG cites Euahlayi, Ualarai, Euhahlayi, and Juwalarai as synonyms for Gamilaraay in earlier sources,[2] it has updated its codes to reflect more recent sources suggest different distinctions. AIATSIS groups the Yuwaalaraay/Euahlayi/Yuwaaliyaay language and people in its resource collection,[6][7] and gives it a separate code (D23).[8] AUSTLANG assigns separate codes to the following dialects, all related and part of the Gamilaraay group:[8]
- Yuwaalaraay (Yuwaaliyaay, Euahlayi) (D27), spoken by the Yuwaalaraay people;[Note 2]
- Wirray Wirray (Wiriwiri) (D28);[9][Note 3]
- Guyinbaraay (Gunjbaraay) (D15);[11]
- Yuwaalayaay (D54);[12][Note 4]
- Waalaraay (Walaraay) (D55);[13]
- Gawambaraay (Kawambarai) (D39), spoken by the Gawambaraay people.[14]
According to Robert Fuller of the Department of Indigenous Studies at Macquarie University and his colleagues, the Gamilaraay and Euahlayi peoples are a cultural grouping of north and northwest New South Wales (NSW), and the Gamilaraay dialect groups are known as Gamilaraay and Yuwaalaraay, while the Euahlayi (Euayelai[15]) have a similar but distinct language.[16]
History
editSouthern Aboriginal guides led the surveyor John Howe to the upper Hunter River above present-day Singleton in 1819. They told him that the country there was "Coomery Roy [=Gamilaraay] and more further a great way", meaning to the north-west, over the Liverpool Ranges.[17] This is probably the first record of the name.
A basic wordlist collected by Thomas Mitchell in 1832 is the earliest written record of Gamilaraay.
Presbyterian missionary William Ridley studied the language from 1852 to 1856.
Status
editIn 2013 Gamilaraay was noted as endangered by Ethnologue, with only 35 speakers left in 2006 (AUSTLANG says 37 at that date), all mixing Gamilaraay and English.[3] At the 2011 census there were 87 speakers recorded and in 2016, 105.[2] There are no known fluent speakers of the language.
Phonology
editVowels
edit| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i ⟨i⟩, iː ⟨ii⟩ | u ⟨u⟩, uː ⟨uu⟩ |
| Low | a ⟨a⟩, aː ⟨aa⟩ | |
/wa/ is realised as [wo].
Consonants
edit| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Velar | Palatal | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | |
| Stop | b ⟨b⟩ | ɡ ⟨g⟩ | ɟ ⟨dj⟩ | d̪ ⟨dh⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | |
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | ɲ ⟨ny⟩ | n̪ ⟨nh⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | |
| Lateral | l ⟨l⟩ | |||||
| Rhotic | r ⟨rr⟩ | ɻ ⟨r⟩ | ||||
| Semivowel | w ⟨w⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | ||||
Initially, /wu/ and /ji/ may be simplified to [u] and [i].
Stress
editAll long vowels in a word get equal stress. If no long vowels are present, stress falls on the first syllable. Secondary stress falls on short vowels, which are two syllables to the right or to the left of a stressed syllable.
Grammar
editPronouns
editGawambaraay Dialect
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | ngaya | ngali | ngiyaani |
| 2nd person | ngindu | ngindaali | ngindaay |
| 3rd person | nguru | (nguru)gali | ganu |
Influence in English
editSeveral loanwords have entered Australian English from Gamilaraay, including:
| Common nouns | ||
|---|---|---|
| Anglicised form | Gamilaraay | Meaning |
| bindi-eye, bindii, bindies | bindayaa | The burrs of several plant species (Emex australis, Tribulus terrestris, and Soliva sessilis) that stick in one's feet |
| brolga | burralga | A bird species, Grus rubicunda |
| possibly budgerigar | gidjirrigaa | A bird species, Melopsittacus undulatus |
| galah | gilaa | A bird species, Eolophus roseicapilla |
| yarran | yarraan | A species of acacia tree, Acacia homalophylla[19] |
| Proper nouns | ||
| Anglicised form | Gamilaraay | Meaning |
| Kamilaroi | gamilaraay | The Gamilaraay people or language |
| Place names | ||
| Anglicised form | Gamilaraay | Meaning |
| Boggabri | bagaaybaraay | having creeks |
| Boggabilla | bagaaybila | full of creeks |
| Collarenebri | galariinbaraay | having acacia blossoms |
Footnotes
edit- ^ This map is indicative only.
- ^ For more information on the Euahlayi dialect and tribe, see Parker, K. Langloh (Katie Langloh); Lang, Andrew, 1844–1912 (1905), The Euahlayi tribe : a study of Aboriginal life in Australia, Archibald Constable, retrieved 14 September 2020 – via The Gutenberg Bible
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link). - ^ Not to be confused with Wirraay-Wirraay (D66).[10]
- ^ Closely related to Yuwaalaaray, but different.
References
edit- ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021). "Cultural diversity: Census". Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- ^ a b c "D23: Gamilaraay / Gamilaroi / Kamilaroi". AIATSIS Collection. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
- ^ a b Gamilaraay language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ D23 Gamilaraay at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Yuwaalaraay.
- ^ "Yuwaalaraay, Euahlayi, Yuwaaliyaay". Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Archived from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
- ^ AIATSIS (February 2017). "Selected bibliography of material on the Yuwaalaraay / Euahlayi / Yuwaaliyaay language and people held in the AIATSIS Library" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
- ^ a b "D27: Yuwaalaraay". AIATSIS Collection: AUSTLANG. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ "D28: Wiriyaraay". AIATSIS Collection (AUSTLANG). 26 July 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
- ^ "D66: Wirraay-Wirraay". AIATSIS Collection (AUSTLANG). 26 July 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
- ^ "D15: Guyinbaraay". AIATSIS Collection (AUSTLANG). 26 July 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ "D54: Yuwaalayaay". AIATSIS Collection (AUSTLANG). 26 July 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ "D55: Waalaraay". AIATSIS Collection (AUSTLANG). 26 July 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ "D39: Gawambaraay". AIATSIS Collection (AUSTLANG). 26 July 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
- ^ Behrendt, Larissa (1995). "Aboriginal Urban Identity: Preserving the Spirit, Protecting the Traditional in Non-Traditional Settings". Australian Feminist Law Journal. 4: 55–61. doi:10.1080/13200968.1995.11077156. Retrieved 11 September 2020 – via HeinOnline.
- ^ Fuller, Robert S.; Anderson, Michael G.; Norris, Ray P.; Trudgett, Michelle (2014). "The Emu Sky Knowledge of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi Peoples". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 17 (2): 171–179. arXiv:1403.0304. Bibcode:2014JAHH...17..171F. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2014.02.04. S2CID 53352158. Retrieved 11 September 2020 – via Academia.edu.
- ^ O'Rourke, Michael. (1997). The Kamilaroi Lands: North-central New South Wales in the Early 19th Century. Self-published. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-646-34533-8.
- ^ Austin, P. (1993) A Reference Grammar of Gamilaraay, Northern New South Wales.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of English, p 2,056
Bibliography
edit- Austin, Peter (1993). A Reference Dictionary of Gamilaraay, northern New South Wales. La Trobe University.
- Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47378-0. (On Google Books)
- Mathews, R. H. (July–December 1903). "Languages of the Kamilaroi and Other Aboriginal Tribes of New South Wales". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 33. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 33: 259–283. doi:10.2307/2842812. JSTOR 2842812.
- Ridley, William (1856). "On the Kamilaroi Tribe of Australians and Their Dialect". Journal of the Ethnological Society of London. 4. Ethnological Society of London (1848-1856), Vol. 4: 285–293. doi:10.2307/3014109. JSTOR 3014109.
Further reading
edit- Ash, Anna; Glacon, John; Lissarrague, Amanda (2003). Gamilaraay, Yuwaaaraay and Yuwaalayaay Dictionary. Alice Springs: IAD Press.
- Parker, K. Langloh (1905). The Euahlayi Tribe: A Study of Aboriginal Life in Australia. London: Archibald Constable. Wikidata Q19086199. Contains a glossary
- Ridley, William (1855). "On the Kamilaroi Language of Australia". Transactions of the Philological Society. 2 (6): 72–84. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1855.tb00794.x.
External links
edit
- KAMILAROI LANGUAGE - PUBLISHED 1880 -
- http://yuwaalaraay.org/ has information about recent Gamilaraay and Yuwaalaraay language development and links to numerous language resources.
- The Gamilaraay (Kamilaroi) Language, northern New South Wales — A Brief History of Research Archived 21 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
- Gutenberg Project Browse By Language: Gamilaraay
- Online dictionary
- Gamilaraay Online dictionary by Peter Austin and David Nathan
- A Reference Grammar of Gamilaraay
- Bibliographies of published Archived 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine, rare Archived 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine or special Archived 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine materials on Gamilaraay language and people, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- Bibliographies of published Archived 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine, rare Archived 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine or special Archived 12 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine materials on Yuwaalaraay language and people, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- Des Crump digital story, State Library of Queensland. Digital story discussing Gamilaraay language.