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Wo soll ich fliehen hin, BWV 5

Johann Sebastian Bach composed the church cantata (Bach) Wo soll ich fliehen hin (Where shall I flee),[1] BWV 5, in Leipzig for the 19th Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 15 October 1724. It is based on the penitential hymn "Wo soll ich fliehen hin" by Johann Heermann.

Wo soll ich fliehen hin
BWV 5
Chorale cantata by J. S. Bach
Title page from Bach's autograph manuscript (now in the British Library's Zweig collection)
Occasion19th Sunday after Trinity
ChoraleJohann Heermann's "Wo soll ich fliehen hin"
Performed15 October 1724 (1724-10-15): Leipzig
Movements7
VocalSATB choir and soloists
Instrumental
  • tromba da tirarsi
  • 2 oboes
  • 2 violins
  • viola
  • continuo

Wo soll ich fliehen hin belongs to Bach's chorale cantata cycle, the second cycle during his tenure as Thomaskantor that began in 1723. The text retains the first and 11th stanzas of the chorale unchanged, while the other stanzas were paraphrased into alternating recitatives and arias by an unknown librettist.

The cantata in seven movements is scored for SATB soloists and choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of tromba da tirarsi (slide trumpet), two oboes, strings and continuo.

History and words

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Bach wrote the cantata in his second year in Leipzig for the 19th Sunday after Trinity.[2][3][4] It is part of his chorale cantata cycle. The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians – "put on the new man, which after God is created" (Ephesians 4:22–28) – and from the Gospel of Matthew, Healing the paralytic at Capernaum (Matthew 9:1–8).[2]

The cantata text is based on the penitential hymn in eleven stanzas "Wo soll ich fliehen hin" by Johann Heermann,[2][5] published in 1630, which is recommended for the Sunday in the Dresdner Gesangbuch.[6] The hymn tune is "Auf meinen lieben Gott". An unknown poet retained the first and last stanzas as the respective choral cantata movements,[4] and paraphrased the other stanzas rather freely: 2 and 3 as movement 2, 4 as movement 3, 5 to 7 as movement 4, 8 as movement 5, and 9 and 10 as movement 6. A year earlier, Bach had composed Ich elender Mensch, wer wird mich erlösen, BWV 48, for the same occasion, focused on the promise of Jesus to the sick man: "Your sins are forgiven". Similarly, the awareness of being a sinner who needs healing is the theme of Heermann's chorale and this cantata. The paraphrasing poetry adds images to the chorale which the composer could use, for example in movement 3 the divine source of blood to cleanse the stains of sins, a Baroque phrase relying on Psalms 51:4, Revelation 1:5 and Revelation 7:14. In movement 5 the poet invented a ferocious, hellish army, which is silenced by the believer who shows the blood of Jesus.[3]

Bach first performed the cantata on 15 October 1724.[2][3] A new organ part, written by Bach, confirms a performance around ten years later. Further performances are likely but not proven.[4]

Music

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Structure and scoring

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Bach structured the cantata in seven movements. Both text and tune of the hymn are retained in the outer movements, a chorale fantasia and a four-part closing chorale.[3] Bach scored the work for four vocal soloists (soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T) and bass (B)), a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of tromba da tirarsi (Tr, a slide trumpet), two oboes (Ob), two violin parts (Vl), one viola part (Va), and basso continuo.[2][2][3][4]

In the following table of the movements, the scoring, keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr's standard work Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach.[3] The continuo, which plays throughout, is not shown.

Movements of Wo soll ich fliehen hin
No. Title Text Type Vocal Winds Strings Key Time
1 "Wo soll ich fliehen hin" Heermann Chorus SATB 2 Ob, Tr (with S) 2 Vl, Va G minor  
2 "Der Sünden Wust hat mich nicht nur befleckt" anon. Recitative B  
3 "Ergieße dich reichlich, du göttliche Quelle" anon. Aria T Va E-flat major 3/4
4 "Mein treuer Heiland tröstet mich" anon. Recitative A Oboe  
5 "Verstumme, Höllenheer" anon. Aria B 2 Ob, Tr 2 Vl, Va B-flat major  
6 "Ich bin ja nur das kleinste Teil der Welt" anon. Recitative S  
7 "Führ auch mein Herz und Sinn" Hunold Chorale SATB 2 Ob, Tr (with S) 2 Vl (with S and A), Va (with T) G minor  

Movements

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Bach arranged the movements in symmetry around movement 4 as the turning point in the cantata between desolation and hope, a recitative, which receives added weight by the cantus firmus of the chorale played by the oboe.[3]

1

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Opening of the first movement, from Bach's autograph manuscript (Zweig collection)

In the opening chorus, "Wo soll ich fliehen hin" (Where shall I flee),[1] Bach gave the tune in unadorned long notes to the soprano, reinforced by the trumpet. The vocal parts are embedded in an independent instrumental concerto. The motifs of the instruments, which also appear in the lower voices, are derived from the tune,[6] following the upward movement of its first line and the downward movement of its second line.[7]

2

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The first recitative, "Der Sünden Wust hat mich nicht nur befleckt, er hat vielmehr den ganzen Geist bedeckt" (This heap of sins has not merely left a stain, it has done much more; covered my entire spirit),[1] is a secco sung by the bass.[1]

3

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In the first aria, "Ergieße dich reichlich, du göttliche Quelle, ach, walle mit blutigen Strömen auf mich" (Pour yourself richly, you divine fountain, ah, wash over me with bloody streams),[1] the tenor voice is accompanied only by an obbligato instrument.[4] In the original part, it is named as a violin but the notation in tenor clef points at a violoncello piccolo. Some editions, such as Carus-Verlag, suggest a viola.[4] The instrument illustrates the flow of blood, termed by John Eliot Gardiner the "gushing, curative effect of the divine spring" in "tumbling liquid gestures", and summarised as "the cleansing motions of some prototype baroque washing machine".[6] The tenor sings the same figuration on the word "wäschet" (washing). Bach used the solo viola only rarely in his cantatas (twice, according to Boyd); he may have played these solos himself.[8]

4

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The second recitative, "Mein treuer Heiland tröstet mich, es sei verscharrt in seinem Grabe, was ich gesündigt habe;" (My loving Savior comforts me, buried in his grave are the sins I committed),[1] is the centre-piece of the cantata.[4] The oboe plays the chorale tune to the alto's singing.[1] One line of the chorale stanza is sung unchanged: "was ich gesündigt habe" (the sins I committed).[1][3]

5

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In the second aria, "Verstumme, Höllenheer, du machst mich nicht verzagt" (Be silent, host of hell, you shall not make me despair),[1] the bass voice is accompanied by the full orchestra with the trumpet as a "ferociously demanding obbligato".[6] In sudden breaks it conveys the silencing of the host of hell. Different as the two arias are, the figuration in the second one is similar to the one in the first, interpreting that it is the very flow of blood which silences the "army of hell".

6

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The last recitative, "Ich bin ja nur das kleinste Teil der Welt" (I am indeed, only the smallest part of the world),[1] sung by the soprano, is another secco.[6]

7

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The closing chorale, "Führ auch mein Herz und Sinn" (Guide also my heart and mind),[1] is set for four parts.[3][9]

 

Manuscripts and publication

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A set of parts for the cantata is preserved, which was partly copied by Bach himself.[4] The autograph score, now in the Stefan Zweig Collection of the British Library, was once owned by Joseph Joachim.[10]

The cantata was first published in 1851 in the first complete edition of Bach's work, the Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe. The volume in question was edited by Moritz Hauptmann.[2][4] In the Neue Bach-Ausgabe it was published in 1990, edited by Matthias Wendt.[4]

Recordings

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A list of recordings is provided on the Bach Cantatas Website.[11][12] Ensembles playing period instruments in historically informed performances are shown with a green background.

Recordings of Wo soll ich fliehen hin
Title Conductor / Choir / Orchestra Soloists Label Year Orch. type
J. S. Bach: Das Kantatenwerk • Complete Cantatas • Les Cantates, Folge / Vol. 1 Nikolaus Harnoncourt
Concentus Musicus Wien
Teldec 1972 (1972) Period
Bach Cantatas Vol. 5 – Sundays after Trinity II Karl Richter
Münchener Bach-Chor
Münchener Bach-Orchester
Archiv Produktion 1978 (1978)
Die Bach Kantate Vol. 54 Helmuth Rilling
Gächinger Kantorei
Württembergisches Kammerorchester Heilbronn
Hänssler 1979 (1979)
J. S. Bach: Complete Cantatas Vol. 11 Ton Koopman
Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir
Antoine Marchand 1999 (1999) Period
Bach Edition Vol. 20 – Cantatas Vol. 9 Pieter Jan Leusink
Holland Boys Choir
Netherlands Bach Collegium
Brilliant Classics 2000 (2000) Period
Bach Cantatas Vol. 10: Potsdam / Wittenberg[6] John Eliot Gardiner
Monteverdi Choir
English Baroque Soloists
Soli Deo Gloria 2000 (2000) Period
J. S. Bach: Cantatas Vol. 27 – Cantatas from Leipzig 1724 Masaaki Suzuki
Bach Collegium Japan
BIS 2003 (2003) Period

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dellal 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Bach Digital 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dürr 1981.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hiemke 2016.
  5. ^ Bach Cantatas Website 2005.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Gardiner 2006.
  7. ^ Bach Cantatas Website 2008.
  8. ^ Mincham 2010.
  9. ^ Dahn 2024.
  10. ^ Joachim 2024.
  11. ^ Oron 2024.
  12. ^ Muziekweb 2024.

Cited sources

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