Women's association football is a newly professionalized sport in Italy[1] relative to the greater emphasis of the male competitions.[2][3][4][5] However, it was also one of the first nations to host professional women's football after the era of European bans on women playing the sport came to a close in the 1970s, among the first modern European markets to import footballers from other European nations[6] and hosted the first unofficial edition of the Women's World Cup in 1970.[7]
| Women's football in Italy | |
|---|---|
.jpg) The women's national team during the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. | |
| Country | Italy |
| Governing body | Italian Football Federation |
| National team(s) | Women's national team |
National competitions | |
Club competitions | |
International competitions | |
| |
History
editIn February 1933, in Milan, the Feminine Football Group (Gruppo Femminile Calcistico) was formed as the first organized women's football club; the girls played on the pitch wearing petticoats. However, the activity lasted only about 9 months because, after the enthusiasm given by the release of the news on Calcio Illustrato which published an entire page with the photos of the Milanese girls,[8] other girls' teams were set up in different cities. To prevent the "phenomenon" from taking hold, the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) prevented women from being able to play not only tournaments but above all individual competitions, hijacking female footballers in various athletic sports.[9]
In 1946 two teams were formed in Trieste: Triestina and San Giusto. Four years later in Naples, the Italian Football Women's Association (Associazione Italiana Calcio Femminile) was formed, which continued its activities until 1959. However, an official championship was yet to be formed.[citation needed]
In 1968 the Italian Women's Football Federation (Federazione Italiana Calcio Femminile, FICF) was born: the Italian championship was played with two groups of five teams and in the final in Pisa the first championship was awarded to A.C.F. Genova, who won against Roma. This situation of stability lasted only two years: indeed, on 31 January 1970, ten clubs decided to abandon the FICF and formed the Italian Federation of Female Football (FFIGC).[citation needed]
In 1970 the FFIGC hosted the first unofficial football Women's World Cup,[7][10] also known as the Martini Rosso Cup. The tournament was organized entirely without the involvement of FIFA or any of the common national associations.[7] Seven teams appeared in the tournament with Boldklubben Femina, representing Denmark, beating Italy 2–0 in the final to win the title.[11][12]
In 1972 a 45-team qualifying championship was held divided into four groups. The Serie B, the only regional level, was transformed into the national league which was given the name of Interregional Serie A (Serie A Interregionale) in the first three years, and many professional women's teams started in the 1970s.[13][14]
With an interregional Serie C being inaugurated, in 1983 the foundations were laid for the development of youth categories, constituting the Esordienti championship in 1979 (which in 1982 became the Serie D). However, it was only in 1986 that women's football lost its autonomy and enters the ranks of the Italian Football Federation (FIGC).[citation needed]
The national activity was developed as follows: the Serie A with 16 participating teams and single round; the Serie B divided into three groups of 14 teams. The Supercoppa was set up to be played between the winners of the Italian Women's Cup and the Serie A championship. In 1998, the clubs participating in the Serie B were divided into 4 groups of 12 teams with final playoffs to identify the three winners who would enter the Serie A. While previously run by the Lega Nazionale Dilettanti (LND), starting from the 2018–19 season the Serie A and Serie B championships have been run by the FIGC.[15]
League
editThe league system is divided into five tiers: Serie A and Serie B as single divisions, Serie C divided into four groups, and Eccellenza and Promozione divided into further regional groups.
National divisions
editSerie A
editThe Serie A is a tournament that takes place between 12 teams. The team that gets the most points during the season wins the league title and qualifies for the UEFA Women's Champions League. The 2nd place team also earns a place in the UEFA Women's Champions League. Two teams are relegated to the Serie B.
Serie A became fully professionalized for the first time in the 2022–23 season.[1][16][17]
Serie B
editThe Serie B (formerly Serie A2) is the second division of women's football in Italy. The league is made up of 12 teams competing in a single round. The first two classified are promoted directly to the Serie A, while the last two are relegated directly to the Serie C. The ninth and tenth ranked go through a relegation play-off with the Serie C teams that came out defeated by the promotion playoffs.
Serie C
editStarting from the 2018–19 season, the Serie C became the third division with an interregional national championship consisting of four groups of 12 or 14 teams. The first ranked of each group play in the promotion play-off, in which the two winners are promoted to the Serie B. The two losing teams play a play-off with the ninth and tenth place in Serie B to determine who should participate in the Serie B the following season.
Regional divisions
editThe remaining structure of the Italian football league is divided into two more levels. The first of each division are promoted to the one above. Both championships are organized by the Lega Nazionale Dilettanti (LND):
- Eccellenza
- Promozione
| Level | Divisions | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-professional Leagues | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | Serie A One national division, 12 clubs | ||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | Serie B One national division, 12 clubs from 2018 to 2019 season (3–4 interregional divisions from 1970 to 2018)[18] | ||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | Serie C Four interregional divisions, 12–14 clubs per division from his foundation in 2018 (Highest regional leagues until the 2017–18 season) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | Eccellenza 18–19 regional divisions (Highest regional leagues from 2018 to 2019; from 1978 to 2018 as Serie C) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | Promozione Regional divisions (Lowest regional leagues;[19] until the 2017–18 season as Serie D) | ||||||||||||||||||
National team
editThe women's national team has had mixed results as team. Although they have qualified for the last two FIFA Women's World Cups in 2019[20][21] and 2023,[22] and reached the UEFA Women's Championship finals in 1993 and 1997,[23] the national team has yet to win a major trophy.[24]
World Cup
editItaly participated in the inaugural official FIFA Women's World Cup of 1991 where, after two wins and a loss in the group stage, they qualified for the quarter-finals, where they lost against Norway.[25] After having failed to qualify for the second edition, Italy played in the 1999 edition where they didn't go past the group stages. For the following four editions, between 2003 and 2015, Italy failed to qualify for the World Cup, coming close in 2015 after losing in the final match of qualification to Belgium.[26]
In 2019, Italy returned to the World Cup after a 20-year absence[26] and won Group C. Italy then defeated China in the Round of 16 to return to the quarter-finals for the first time since 1991,[27] where they were eliminated by eventual finalists the Netherlands.[28]
Italy won their group in the 2023 UEFA qualifiers, securing qualification to the 2023 tournament.[29]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Women's football: Italian Serie A to turn professional from the 2022/23 season". Sky Sports.
- ^ Wrack, Suzanne (16 January 2018). "Italy a land of opportunity as Juventus add weight to Women's Serie A". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ Gori, Gigliola (6 December 2012). Italian Fascism and the Female Body: Sport, Submissive Women and Strong Mothers. Routledge. ISBN 9781135762735. Retrieved 9 October 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ Wyke, Nick. "When Saturday Comes - Press for attention". Wsc.co.uk. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ Pitti, Ilaria (27 February 2018). "Being women in a male preserve: an ethnography of female football ultras". Journal of Gender Studies. 28 (3): 318–329. doi:10.1080/09589236.2018.1443803. hdl:11585/626925. S2CID 149536973.
- ^ Jeanes, Ruth (10 September 2009). "Ruff Guide to Women & Girls Football". Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
- ^ a b c Williams, Jean (2014). "2: 'Soccer matters very much, every day'". In Agergaard, Sine; Tiesler, Nina Clara (eds.). Women, Soccer and Transnational Migration. Routledge. p. 26. ISBN 978-1135939380. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- ^ "Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense", Wikipedia (in Italian), 2019-03-04, retrieved 2019-06-17
- ^ "bookreader". 2015-05-27. Archived from the original on 2015-05-27. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
- ^ Hong, Fan (9 October 2018). Soccer, Women, Sexual Liberation: Kicking Off a New Era. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780714684086. Retrieved 9 October 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Da Danmark blev verdensmestre i fodbold - DRTV". Dr.dk. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ "Coppa del Mondo (Women) 1970". Rsssf.com. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
- ^ Borden, Sam (2016-02-10). "In Italy, a Top Club Stands Alone in Supporting Women's Soccer". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ "How the Juventus women's team is shaking up Italian football". Thelocal.it. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ "Figc | News - TFN: campionati Serie A e B femminili, rigettato il ricorso della LND". 2018-07-08. Archived from the original on 2018-07-08. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
- ^ "Footballers in Italian women's top division finally turn professional". The Guardian. April 27, 2022.
- ^ Giuffrida, Angela (27 April 2022). "Footballers in Italian women's top division finally turn professional". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ The Serie A2 was introduced in the 2002–03 season, and remained until the 2012–13 season. During this period, the Serie B became the third national level. Between 2011 and 2013, the Serie B was suppressed; relegated clubs from the Serie A2 would play the following season in the Serie C. From the 2013–14 season, the Serie B replaced the Serie A2.
- ^ As the last level of the Italian women's football championship, clubs that finish in last place are not relegated.
- ^ Bianchin, Luca; Saetta, Giulio (31 May 2019). "Women's World Cup 2019 team guide No 10: Italy". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
- ^ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie; Tondo, Lorenzo (25 November 2017). "Italian women's footballers aim for where men failed – a place in the World Cup". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ "Italy name 16-year-old Dragoni in World Cup squad". BBC Sport. 3 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ Capretta, Vieri (5 July 2022). "Women's EURO 2022 inside track: Italy". UEFA. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ Tonelli, Jenna (19 July 2022). "Italy says "Ciao" to Euro 2022, but the future remains bright". All for XI. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ "The reinassance of women's football in Italy - Detail: 160588". Nssmag.com. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ a b "Women's World Cup Group C team capsules". National Post. 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2019-06-17.
- ^ Wilson, Joseph (25 June 2019). "Italy beats China, reaches first FIFA Women's World Cup quarterfinal since 1991". The Denver Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ Bogage, Jacob (29 June 2019). "Netherlands beats Italy to reach Women's World Cup semifinals for first time". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ Frith, Wilf (7 September 2022). "Italy and Netherlands qualify for 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup". She Kicks. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
Further reading
edit- Seneghini, Federica; Giani, Marco (16 July 2020). Giovinette. Le calciatrici che sfidarono il duce [Giovinette: The footballers who challenged Il Duce] (in Italian). Solferino. ISBN 978-88-282-0448-0.