Women's surfing in Australia

In 1940, a study of 314 women in New Zealand and Australia was done. Most of the women in the study were middle class, conservative, Protestant and white. The study found that 183 participated in sport. The nineteenth most popular sport that these women participated in was surfing, with 2 having played the sport. The sport was tied with cricket, mountaineering, and rowing.^[1]

Isabel Letham was one of the early icons of women's surfing in Australia. She inspired several women including Pam Burridge.^[2]

During the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, women's surfing saw a large expansion in the number of competitors.^[3] Since then one-third of Australia's Surfing population are female.^[4]

Women's competitive surfing did not develop as quickly as men. This is due to many female competitions being cancelled at short notice leading to irregular competitions. Women also earned considerably less than men. In the 1984 Beaurepaire Open, women competed for A$5,000, whilst men A$95,000.^[4]^[5]

Surf lifesaving in Australia banned women from rescue work and competition in 1914: "conquering the sea was a man's prerogative and women were deemed physically too weak to carry a heavy belt and line or to swim competitively in surf races" (Booth, 2007).^[6]

Australia has produced several women's world champions including Pam Burridge, Pauline Menczer and Wendy Botha.^[7]^[8]

Pam Burridge was one of the most influential women in Australian surfing to push for equality between the men's and women's parts of the sport. She competed in an era when men and women did not earn comparable prize money. She shocked many in the surfing community by chasing after and successfully surfing big waves, waves women were typically not known to surf.^[9]

Notable Women in Australian Surfing

Female Australian World Title Holders

1989: Wendy Botha
1990: Pam Burridge
1991: Wendy Botha
1992: Wendy Botha
1993: Pauline Menczer
1998: Layne Beachley
1999: Layne Beachley
2000: Layne Beachley
2001: Layne Beachley
2002: Layne Beachley
2003: Layne Beachley
2005: Chelsea Georgeson
2006: Layne Beachley
2007: Stephanie Gilmore
2008: Stephanie Gilmore
2009: Stephanie Gilmore
2010: Stephanie Gilmore
2012: Stephanie Gilmore
2014: Stephanie Gilmore^[10]

Constraints for Women in Surfing

In 2012, a study was completed by Laura Fendt & Erica Wilson which looked at the motivations and constraints experienced by women in relation to surfing and surf-related travel. This study was conducted by facilitating in-depth interviews with 20 women surfers in New South Wales, Australia. The interview was structured around questions designed to provoke a more in-depth response from participants. On completion of the study the following table of results was constructed using the responses of the 20 interviewed women.^[11]

Category	Constraints	Number of References^*
Personal	Not knowing what to expect	12
	Being in the minority as a female surfer	8
	Staying healthy	7
	Staying safe	4
	Negotiating travel plans with family and partner	4
	Experiencing self-doubts about surfing ability	2
Socio-Cultural	Encountering localism	6
	Differing attitudes between home and host country	5
	Trusting surf travel countries	2
	Finding compatible travel companions	2
	Battling the crowds	2
Practical	Managing Logistics	8
	Facing Financial limitations	7
	Finding the time	3

^* The numbers in this column do not equal 20 as each woman has stated several constraints^[11]

Performance Differences Between Men and Women

Due to the natural differences in strength between men and women, competitions have always been segregated between the sexes. The main aspect of surfing which gives male athletes an advantage in competition is the pop up phase. The pop-up movement occurs when the surfer has gained enough speed in the paddling stage to catch the wave and is complete. Once this momentum has been gained an explosive movement occurs as the surfer pushes off the board to stand on their feet.^[12]^[13]

A study was conducted at the California State University^{[note 1]} to measure the exact advantage that men had over women in this pop-up stage. Men and women of the same ages were asked to perform three pop-ups on a plate that would measure relative peak force, relative rate of force development, peak velocity, rate of velocity development and relative power. In all of these criteria, men produced significantly better results.

It was then concluded from these results that female surfers are not physically able to perform the pop-up action with forces equal to that of their male competitors.

Notes

^ While this study was conducted in America it still has significant relevance to surfers in Australia.

References

^ Stell 1991, p. 75
^ "She's Game: Women Making Australian Sporting History — Isabel Letham". Womenaustralia.info. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
^ Stell 1991, p. 252
^ ^a ^b Booth, Douglas (2001). "From Bikinis to Boardshorts: Wahines and the Paradoxes of Surfing Culture". Journal of Sport History. 28 (1): 3–22. PMID 17561560.
^ George, S (2008). "Only in Australia: why professional surfing is the thickest thread in Australia's cultural fabric". Surfer. 49 (5): 152. ISSN 0039-6036. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
^ Booth, Douglas (2007). "Surf lifesaving: the development of an Australasian 'sport'". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 17 (2–3): 166–187. doi:10.1080/09523360008714132. PMID 18939357. S2CID 216149283.^{[dead link‍]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Cliff, Paul, ed. (1999). A sporting nation, Celebrating Australia's sporting life. Canberra, Australia: National Library of Australia. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-642-10704-6.
^ Australia's wide world of sports. Pymble, N.S.W.: Angus & Robertson. 1993. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-207-17485-8. OCLC 38340671.
^ Australia's wide world of sports. Pymble, N.S.W.: Angus & Robertson. 1993. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-207-17485-8. OCLC 38340671.
^ "World Champions". World Surf League. 2015.
^ ^a ^b Fendt, Laura Sophia; Wilson, Erica (1 April 2012). "'I just push through the barriers because I live for surfing': how women negotiate their constraints to surf tourism". Annals of Leisure Research. 15 (1): 4–18. doi:10.1080/11745398.2012.670960. ISSN 1174-5398. S2CID 167313075.
^ Everline, C. (2007). Shortboard performance surfing: A qualitative assessment of maneuvers and a sample periodized strength and conditioning program in and out of the water. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 29(3), 32-40.
^ Eurich, A. D., Brown, L. E., Coburn, J. W., Noffal, G. J., Nguyen, D., Khamoui, A. V., & Uribe, B. P. (2010). Performance differences between sexes in the pop-up phase of surfing. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(10), 2821–2825. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181f0a77f