Women in Uzbekistan are subject to restrictions imposed by local tradition, religion and social norms. [3]
_(5670562210).jpg) Women in Uzbekistan | |
| General Statistics | |
|---|---|
| Maternal mortality (per 100,000) | 28 |
| Women in parliament | 32% (2020) |
| Women over 25 with secondary education | 65.9% (2010) |
| Women in labour force | 51% (2014)[1] |
| Gender Inequality Index[2] | |
| Value | 0.227 (2021) |
| Rank | 56th out of 191 |
| Global Gender Gap Index | |
| Value | NR |
| Rank | NR |
Legal rights and political representation
editAs of 2004 Uzbekistan’s election law requires political parties to nominate at least 30 percent female candidates for the parliament. However, the underrepresentation of women is endemic at all levels of government.[4]Uzbekistan has universal suffrage;[5] however, "according to data from surveys conducted by the Public Opinion Centre, 64% of urban and 50% of rural women consider that men have greater opportunities for implementing their rights in the political sphere".[5]
Healthcare
editThe availability of contraceptives and maternal healthcare is mixed. 62.3% of women were using free contraceptives in 2003.[5][4] However, the UN estimates that about 13.7% of women in Uzbekistan who would like to prevent, or delay, their next pregnancy are unable to do so because of limited access to contraceptives.[6] In 2000, there were approximately 20,900 midwives in the country.[7]
Forced sterilization of women is practiced in Uzbekistan.[8][9][10] A BBC World Service "Assignment" report on 12 April 2012 uncovered evidence that women are being sterilised, often without their knowledge, in an effort by the government to control the population.[11]
Mental health
editIn 2001 it was estimated that approximately 500 women a year kill themselves because of abusive situations.[12]Self-immolation is a common form of suicide.[13]
Economic opportunity
edit"Gender roles in the economy changed during the Soviet period and continue to change in independence."[14] While the Uzbek state has programs in place to help increase economic opportunities for women, there are persistent problems. For example, the labor market is sex-segregated, and women are usually paid lower wages.[15] "Unskilled personnel in the non-production sector are comprised virtually entirely of women.”[5][4] Women also cannot be used for night time or overtime work.[5] In 2023 the Uzbek Government passed a law offering some protections against harassment and abuse.[16]Mothers with disabled children or many children can retire at 50, which is up to five years earlier than the stipulated retirement age (55).[5]
Abuse of women
editForced marriage through bride kidnapping occurs in parts of the country, especially Karakalpakstan. [17] Bride kidnappings are believed to be tied to economic instability. Whereas weddings can be prohibitively expensive, kidnappings avoid both the cost of the ceremony and any bride price.[18] Some scholars report that less desirable males with inferior educations or drug or alcohol problems are more likely to kidnap their brides.[19]
The UN has recognized some efforts of the government to curtail human trafficking.[20] For example, telephone hotlines are available for trafficking victims,[21] and trafficking carries a jail sentence of five to eight years.[5][4] However, trafficking still persists, as Uzbekistan is both a supplier and consumer of trafficked women.[22][4]”Trafficking occurs as an extension of the ‘shuttle’ trade. The women are sent as tourists with promises of employment as nannies, tutors or baby-sitters, but they often end up working in the sex industry.”[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate) - Data". data.worldbank.org.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ "Domestic Violence in Uzbekistan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21.
- ^ a b c d e "The United Nations Human Rights Treaties". Bayefsky.com. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women". Un.org. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ "United Nations Statistics Division". Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ "Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". Archived from the original on 2011-05-21.
- ^ "BBC News - Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women". BBC News. 4 April 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ "BBC Radio 4 - Crossing Continents, Forced Sterilisation in Uzbekistan". BBC. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ "Birth Control by Decree in Uzbekistan". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ "BBC World Service - Assignment , Forcible Sterilisation In Uzbekistan". BBC. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ a b "IWRAW Home Page". Iwraw.igc.org. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ "Institute for War and Peace Reporting | Giving Voice, Driving Change". Iwpr.net. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ Uzbeks. (2003). In C. R. Ember, & M. Ember (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sex and gender: men and women in the world's cultures. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media.
- ^ CEDAW: Concluding Observations, 2006, Uzbekistan
- ^ "LRU-561-сон 02.09.2019. On protection of women from harassment and abuse".
- ^ Alena Aminova, "Uzbekistan: No Love Lost in Karakalpak Bride Thefts", Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 14 June 2004
- ^ See Aminova; Jamila Sujud and Rashid Musayev, "Bride Kidnapping Returns in Central Asia, Central Asia Online, 18 January 2010
- ^ Jamila Sujud and Rashid Musayev, "Bride Kidnapping Returns in Central Asia", Central Asia Online, 18 January 2010
- ^ UN, CEDAW: (Concluding Observations, 2006) 5
- ^ UNFPA, State of the World Population 2006:( A Passage to Hope; Women and International Migration, 2006) 49
- ^ "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights". Archived from the original on 2011-04-30.
