Women in law in Japan work in the legal profession as lawyers. Women lawyers work in private practice, in-house, in government, and in the citizenship sector.
Background
editWomen were not allowed to practice law under the Lawyers Law of 1893. That rule stated that a lawyer must be a Japanese man, aged 20 or older, and have legal capacity under the Civil Code.[1] The Japanese Imperial Constitution did not guarantee women's suffrage or equality between men and women. A married woman's legal capacity was subject to her husband's consent. At the time, people seemed to have taken it for granted that women should be excluded from the legal profession.[1] Despite these restrictions, Teruko (Tel) Sono was the first woman to study and practice law in Japan as of 1874.[2]
In 1933, the Women's Suffrage Alliance lobbied the Research Committee on the Amendment of the Lawyers Law to allow women to become lawyers. When the new law went into effect in 1936, 19 women took the bar exam. In 1938, three women passed the bar to become lawyers: Ai Kume, Masako Nakata, and Yoshiko Mibuchi. In 1940, all three women became qualified lawyers after completing their internship.[citation needed]
The only institution where women could obtain a legal education was the Women's College of Meiji University. In welcoming the first entering class, Hideo Yokota, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, called upon female lawyers and economists to work to improve women's status in Japan.[citation needed]
Notable individuals
editIn 1940, Masako Nakata, Yoshiko Mibuchi, and Ai Kume became the first women qualified to become lawyers in Japan.[3][4] Al Kume worked at a private practice in Tokyo and also served as a representative of the Japanese government. Akio Kume was the first woman to be recommended by the bar association as a candidate on the Supreme Court in 1976. Due to her sudden death the appointment did not become reality.[1]
Yoshie Tateshi became the first Japanese woman to graduate with a doctorate in law. After hearing Hideo Yokota's speech about making women's society better in Japan, she was determined to do so.[1] Chieko Monjo became Japan's first female prosecutor in 1949.[5] Also, in 1949, Yoshiko Mibuchi and Mitsuko Ishiwatari became the first female judges in Japan. Mibuchi would go on to become the first female to serve as a District Court Judge (1952) and a Chief Judge of the Family Court in Japan (1972; she was the first female judge of the Niigata Family Court).[1][6]
In 1974, Oshiro Mitsuyo and Noda Aiko became the first females to serve as Judges of the High Court in Japan.[5][7][8] Aiko later became the first female to serve as the Commissioner of a High Court in Japan (1987). Mitsuko Terasawa was the first female judge to serve as the President of a District Court in Japan in 1983.[9] Hisako Takahashi was the first woman justice on the Supreme Court of Japan from 1994-1997.[10][11][12][13] Prior to her appointment, she was a high ranking Minister of Labor.[citation needed] In 1995, Annette Eddie-Callagain became the first African American (female) attorney to practice law in Japan.[14][15] Sato Noriko was the first female to become a Chief Public Prosecutor in Japan in 2001.[16][17] In 2016, Junko Hayashi became the first Japanese Muslim (female) lawyer in Japan.[18][19] Naomi Unemoto has the distinction of becoming the first female to serve as a Superintending Prosecutor in Japan in 2022.[20]
Women lawyers associations
editMasako Nakata became the first female president of a local bar association in Japan in 1969.[1][21] Today in Japan, there is a network of women lawyers called "Women in Law Japan". This network includes international and domestic women in the legal profession in Japan. Catherine O’Connell is the president of Women in Law Japan. She is the first foreign woman to set up her own law practice in Tokyo.[22][23] Riki Beppu is a founding member and chair of Women in Law Japan. She has 20 years experience in advising in corporate law.[24]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f Hayashi, Yoko (1992). "Women in the Legal Profession in Japan". U.S.-Japan Women's Journal. English Supplement (2): 16–27. ISSN 1059-9770. JSTOR 42772032.
- ^ The Law Times. Office of The Law times. 1892.
- ^ "Masako Nakata, Japan's 1st female lawyer, dies at 91". article.wn.com. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
- ^ Women lawyers' journal. 1950.
- ^ a b Kuwata, Takita. "新たな出発をめざして" (PDF). Japan Women Lawyers Association.
- ^ Olsen, Kirstin (1994). Chronology of Women's History. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 327. ISBN 9780313288036.
- ^ 朝日年監 (in Japanese). 朝日新聞社. 1975.
- ^ 時事年鑑 (in Japanese). 時事通信社. 1975.
- ^ 創立50周年記念誌.
- ^ Dean (2002-02-14). Japanese Legal System. Cavendish Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84314-322-2.
- ^ "Takahashi Hisako | Japanese economist and government official". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
- ^ Sleeman, Elizabeth (2001). The International Who's Who of Women 2002. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781857431223.
- ^ Dean (2002-02-14). Japanese Legal System. Cavendish Publishing. ISBN 9781843143222.
- ^ Maddalino, Jena (December 10, 1999). "Okinawa's Pioneer Foreign Lawyer Champions Children's Rights". Japan Update. Archived from the original on 2020-09-26. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
- ^ Matsubara, Hiroshi (July 15, 2004). "Forces pact should underscore Japanese lack of rights: lawyer". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
- ^ "男女共同参画会議（第4回）議事録 | 内閣府男女共同参画局". www.gender.go.jp. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
- ^ 月刊百科 (in Japanese). 平凡社. 2001.
- ^ "林 純子 Junko Hayashi | 弁護士法人パートナーズ法律事務所". Retrieved 2019-07-26.
- ^ "進取の精神グローバル人材育成プログラム". P-SEG (in Japanese). December 20, 2017. Retrieved 2019-07-26.
- ^ "Unemoto to Become 1st Woman to Be Japan's 2nd-Highest Prosecutor". nippon.com. 2022-12-23. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
- ^ "日本弁護士連合会：日弁連新聞 第512号". 日本弁護士連合会 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2022-11-03.
- ^ "Women in Law Japan". womeninlawjapan.org. 2020-03-21. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
- ^ Okubo, Mami (2018-11-19). "Catherine O'Connell". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2022-11-14.
- ^ Leo (2018-07-17). "Wanted: Women lawyers in Japan". Law.asia. Retrieved 2022-11-03.