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Women's representation in Mongolian Parliament, The State Great Khural, has constantly increased over the years since the country's first democratic election in 1992. 17.1% (13 out of 76 seats) of the parliament are women as of 2016, which is the highest among seven parliamentary elections in Mongolia. However, it is still lower than the regional average of 19.7% and the world average of 23.4%. According to the Inter-Parliamentary Union, Mongolia ranks at 115th together with Gabon (193 countries are classified by descending order of the percentage of women in the lower or single house).[1]
Mongolian female MPs have a tradition of working under an unofficial parliamentary group. Elected female members in 2016 (12 of 13 female MPs are from MPP and one is from DP) agreed to unofficially work as a team on social security issues related to children, women and families.[2]
Records
edit| Election year | Number of seats | Number of women | % of female seats in Parliament | Female candidates | % of female candidates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1973 | 336 | 77 | 22.91 | ||
| 1977 | 354 | 82 | 23.16 | ||
| 1981 | 370 | 90 | 24.32 | ||
| 1986 | 370 | 92 | 24.86 | ||
| 1990 | 430 | 9 | 2.09 | ||
| 1992 | 76 | 3 | 3.94 | ||
| 1996 | 76 | 9 | 7.89 | ||
| 2000 | 76 | 8 | 10.52 | ||
| 2004 | 76 | 5 | 6.57 | 40 | 16.4% |
| 2008 | 76 | 3 | 3.94 | 66 | 18.5% |
| 2012 | 76 | 10 | 14.9 | 174 | 32.0% |
| 2016 | 76 | 13 | 17.1 | 129 | 25.9% |
| 2020 | 76 | 13 | 17.1 | 151 | 24.9% |
Legal basis
editArticle 126 of the Law on Election sets a quota for women candidacy. The revised electoral law obliges parties to include at least 20 per cent of women candidates.
Article 126.2 states that at least 20 percent of candidates nominated by a party or coalition shall be represented by one gender. This article was amended on May 5, 2016, by law.[3]
Women Parliamentarians elected in the 2020-2024 Parliamentary election of Mongolia
editThis year a total of 13 women parliamentarians were elected, and four were re-elected from the previous election.[4][5]
| # | Name | Party affiliation | Constituency |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anujin Purev-Ochir | Mongolian People's Party | Songinokhairkhan District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 2 | Adiyasuren Amgalan | Mongolian Democratic Party | Bayankhongor Province |
| 3 | Bayarsaikhan Baljinnyam | Mongolian People's Party | Zavkhan Province |
| 4 | Bulgantuya Khurelbaatar | Mongolian People's Party | Bayankzurkh District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 5 | Jargalmaa Badarch | Mongolian People's Party | Songinokhairkhan District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 6 | Munkhtsetseg Gompildoo | Mongolian People's Party | Dundgobi Province, Ulaanbaatar |
| 7 | Munkhtsetseg Tserenjamts | Mongolian People's Party | Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 8 | Odontuya Saldan | Mongolian Democratic Party | Bayangol District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 9 | Oyunchimeg Munkhuu | Mongolian People's Party | Chingeltei District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 10 | Sarangerel Davaajantsan | Mongolian People's Party | Khan-Uul District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 11 | Saranchimeg Batsukh | Mongolian People's Party | Bayanzurkh District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 12 | Undram Chinbat | Mongolian People's Party | Selenge Province |
| 13 | Unurbolor Damdinsuren | Mongolian People's Party | Selenge Province |
Historic representation
edit2016 election
editIn the 2016 parliamentary election, 13 women were elected from 151 women candidates (25.9 percent of the total candidates), representing 49 constituencies from 76 constituencies.
Before the 2016 election, the parliamentary law reduced the women quota from 30 percent to 20 percent and moved from proportional representation to the majoritarian system.
A total of 12 political parties and 3 coalitions all obliged the 20 percent of the women quota. Although all parties and coalition nominated more than the quota on women candidates, the main two parties, the Mongolian People's Party and Mongolian Democratic Party, all 13 women parliamentarians were from either party.
Women Parliamentarians 2016-2020 of Mongolia
edit| # | Name | Party affiliation | Urban or rural |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Amarzaya Namsrai | Mongolian People's Party | Umnugobi Province |
| 2 | Bilegt Magvan | Mongolian People's Party | Bayankhongor Province |
| 3 | Garamjav Tseden | Mongolian People's Party | Songinokhairkhan District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 4 | Munkhtsetseg Gompildoo | Mongolian People's Party | Dornogobi and Gobisumber |
| 5 | Narantuya Zagdkhuu | Mongolian Democratic Party | Zavkhan Province |
| 6 | Oyunchimeg Munkhuu | Mongolian People's Party | Chingeltei District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 7 | Oyundari Navaan-Yundun | Mongolian People's Party | Selenge Province |
| 8 | Oyunkhorol Dulamsuren | Mongolian People's Party | Bayanzurkh District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 9 | Saranchimeg Batsukh | Mongolian People's Party | Bayanzurkh District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 10 | Sarangerel Davaajantsan | Mongolian People's Party | Khan-Uul District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 11 | Tsogzolmaa Tsedenbal | Mongolian People's Party | Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 12 | Undraa Agvaanluvsan | Mongolian People's Party | Bayangol District, Ulaanbaatar |
| 13 | Undarmaa Batbayar | Mongolian People's Party | Songinokhairkhan District, Ulaanbaatar |
2012 election
editThe election law was amended at the end of 2011[6] moved from majoritarian system to a "mixed member proportional system"[7] with the quota of 20% for women candidates.
In the 2012 Parliamentary election a total of 11 women parliamentarians were elected from 174 female candidates in the election, representing 32% (highest number of candidates) of the total candidates.
Women Parliamentarians of 2012-2016 Parliament
edit| # | Name | Party affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Oyunkhorol Dulamsuren | Mongolian People's Party |
| 2 | Uyanga Gantumur | Justice Coalition |
| 3 | Oyungerel Tsedevdamba | Mongolian Democratic Party |
| 4 | Erdenechimeg Luvsan | Mongolian Democratic Party |
| 5 | Odontuya Saldan | Mongolian Democratic Party |
| 6 | Batchimeg Migeddorj | Mongolian Democratic Party |
| 7 | Bayanselenge Zangad | Justice Coalition |
| 8 | Oyun Sanjaasuren | Civil Will Green Party |
| 9 | Burmaa Radnaa | Mongolian Democratic Party |
| 10 | Saranchimeg Batsukh | Mongolian People's Party |
| 11 | Udval Natsag | Justice Coalition |
2008 election
editThe number reduced to only 3 women parliamentarians, 4% of the total parliament.
The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party changed its name to Mongolian People's Party in 2010.
Women Parliamentarians of 2008-2012 Parliament
edit| # | Name | Party affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Arvin Dashjamts | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 2 | Oyun Sanjaasuren | Civil Will Green Party |
| 3 | Oyunkhorol Dulamsuren | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
2004 election
editThe parliamentary election of 2004 only 5 women were elected out of 40 candidates, 16.4% of the total candidates.
Women Parliamentarians of 2004-2008 Parliament
edit| # | Name | Party affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Arvin Dashjamts | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 2 | Gandhi Tugsjargal | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 3 | Munkhtuya Budee | Motherland Democratic Coalition |
| 4 | Oyun Sanjaasuren | Civil Will Green Party |
| 5 | Tuya Danzandarjaa | Motherland Democratic Coalition |
2000 election
editIn the 2000 parliamentary election 9 women, 8 were from the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party and Oyun Sanjaasuren from the Civil Will Party-Mongolian Green Party.
Women Parliamentarians of 2000-2004 Parliament
edit| # | Name | Party affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Altai Dulbaa | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 2 | Arvin Dashjamts | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 3 | Bolormaa Nordov | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 4 | Dolgor Badraa | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 5 | Gandhi Tugsjargal | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 6 | Gerelsuren Nansaljav | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 7 | Oyun Sanjaasuren | Civil Will Party-Mongolian Green Party |
| 8 | Oyunkhorol Dulamsuren | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 9 | Tuya Danzandarjaa | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
1996 election
editThere were 8 women parliamentarian members from 1996 to 2000.
When the Zorig Sanjaasuren was murdered in 1998, Oyun Sanjaasuren entered politics and won the by-election in her brother's constituency.
Enkhtuya Oidov established a women parliamentarians committee and started initiatives to work closely with women civil society organisations.
| # | Name | Years |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Arvin Dashjamts | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 2 | Enkhtuya Oidov | Democratic Union Coalition |
| 3 | Gandhi Tugsjargal | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 4 | Khulan Khasbat | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 5 | Narangerel Rinchen | Democratic Union Coalition |
| 6 | Narantsetseg Unenburen | Democratic Union Coalition |
| 7 | Otgonbayar Chultem | Democratic Union Coalition |
| 8 | Oyun Sanjaasuren | Democratic Union Coalition |
1992 election
editIn 1992 election total of 9 parties and one coalition joined the election. One of the women parliamentarians, Byambajav Janlav left the Parliament to join the Supreme Court of Mongolia, the highest court in Mongolia in 1995 before the term ended.
Women Parliamentarians of 1992-1996 Parliament
edit| # | Name | Party affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Munkhuu Dorj | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 3 | Gandi Togsjargal | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
| 4 | Byambajav Janlav | Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party |
References
edit- ^ "Women in Parliaments: World Classification". www.ipu.org.
- ^ Bayarsaikhan, Dulguun. "MP Ts.Tsogzolmaa speaks about newly formed cabinet and women's representation in Parliament". Archived from the original on 2016-08-07.
- ^ "LAW ON ELECTION" (PDF). gec.gov.mn.
- ^ "Home page | Parliament".
- ^ "Parliament".
- ^ "Mongolia: Election Law Amended, New Election System Adopted | Global Legal Monitor". www.loc.gov. 2012-01-26. Retrieved 2021-03-05.
- ^ Dierkes, Julian. "Clarification on Electoral Law | Mongolia Focus". Retrieved 2021-03-05.