Worker road safety refers to the economic, societal, and legal ramifications of protecting workers from automobile-related injury, disability, and death. Road traffic crashes are a leading cause of occupational fatalities throughout the world, especially in developing countries.[1] In addition to the suffering of the workers and their families, businesses and society also bear direct and indirect costs.[2] These include increased insurance premiums, the threat of litigation, loss of an employee, and destruction of property.[3]
Background
editRoad crashes worldwide kill over a million people every year and cost as much as 3% of global gross domestic product (GDP).[4] Around the world, it is estimated that work-related incidents make up 25% the road toll (50% if commuting is included).[5] Crash injuries disproportionately impact young people and those in developing countries. In addition to human suffering, traffic crashes can cost between 1 and 1.5 percent of a country’s GDP. For some economies, those losses exceed the amount received in development aid, according to Together for Safer Roads.[6] Because rapid motorization generally accompanies economic development, a large percentage of occupational automobile crashes occur in low and middle-income countries.[4] Workers in the developing world are becoming increasingly vulnerable to the risk of road traffic crashes.[2] Workers at risk include drivers of commercial trucks and buses; workers who are not professional drivers, but who drive smaller trucks or passenger vehicles provided by their employer; workers who drive personal vehicles for work purposes; pedestrians, particularly roadside workers; and commuters.[7]
Institutional efforts
editEfforts to protect workers on the road have been undertaken by international organizations such as the United Nations, World Health Organization, World Bank, and International Labour Organization. The WHO coordinates the United Nations Road Safety Collaboration, an effort drawing together government, business, and non-government organizations.[8]
It is estimated that 25 percent of global crashes are work-related, rising to 50 percent if commuting is included. Companies have developed an environment that influences and supports the emergence of safer road users. In alignment with the United Nations Decade of Action for Road Safety’s Five Pillars, Together for Safer Roads developed a 14-step best practices report called Advancing Road Safety Best Practices for Companies and Their Fleets, to guide companies in developing and managing transportation programs.[9]
Organizations such as the Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP) and the Fleet Forum focus on safety in lower- and middle-income nations. They coordinate efforts among local and national governments and businesses.[10][11] Organizations such as Driving for Better Business advocate change by outlining the business benefits of improved road safety for workers.[12] The Make Roads Safe campaign, funded by the UK's FIA Foundation, seeks to influence policies, budgets, and agendas at organizations such as the UN, World Bank, and G8, and to raise public and political awareness for global road safety.[13]
Safe driving campaigns
editMany of these organizations and governments strive to raise awareness for road safety through focused campaigns. The Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS), for example, is sponsoring a Drive Safely Work Week October 5-9, 2009, and offering a campaign tool kit to promote better driving. NETS is a partnership between the U.S. federal government and such corporations as Abbott, Amerifleet Transportation, Anheuser-Busch, Chubb Group of Insurance, General Motors Company, Johnson & Johnson, Liberty Mutual Insurance Group, Nationwide Mutual Insurance, Monsanto, and UPS.[14]
Intervention models
edit
Mooren model
editAustralian researcher Lori Mooren developed a 12-step process model with which organizations can perform gap analyses, establish benchmarks, host fleet safety improvement workshops, and develop fleet safety manuals and improvement programs. A number of businesses and government entities have reviewed their management practices against the model, including Johnson & Johnson, ALDI Stores, Toyota Australia, Reliance Petroleum, and TNT Malaysia.[15][16]
WIPE model
editDeveloped at the Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety – Queensland (CARRS-Q), the WIPE model seeks to identify the societal, business, legal, and financial reasons to focus on occupational road safety. The acronym WIPE stands for Why focus on fleet safety? Initial and continuing status review; Pilot, implement and change manage interventions; Evaluation. The WIPE model assumes that managers will write a business case focusing on the cost savings of protecting workers; perform a safety audit of their organization; launch a pilot program related to personnel training or vehicle improvements; and evaluate the outcomes of the pilot, demonstrating its impact.[17][18][19]
Since the original research, the WIPE model, supported by the Haddon Matrix, has been successfully applied by many organisations around the world to help reduce collisions, cut costs and enhance brand value. Case studies, including British Telecom, Wolseley and Royal Mail and a free fleet review and benchmarking tool are provided at the Fleet Safety Benchmarking website (www.fleetsafetybenchmarking.net)
The model is also increasingly being used to support occupational road safety as a conduit or tool for general road safety, by engaging organisations to promote good practice to family members and in the wider communities in which they operate.
Stuckey-LaMontagne model
editAustralians Rwth Stuckey and A.D. LaMontagne advanced a similar systems-based approach. It focuses on the impact of occupational light vehicles (OLV) as a leading cause of traumatic deaths. Their model presents the worker as the locus of injury at the center of work- and road-related determinants of risk. The model sets occupational road safety in the wider policy and societal framework.[20][21]
See also
edit- Australian Transport Safety Bureau
- Automobile safety
- Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
- European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
- International Labour Organization
- Make Roads Safe
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
- National Safety Council
- Road Administration (Sweden)
- Road traffic safety
- United Nations Road Safety Collaboration
- Work-related road safety in the United States
- World Bank
- World Health Organization
References
edit- ^ Aeron-Thomas, A., Downing, A., Jacobs G., Fletcher, J., Selby, T. & Silcock D (2002). Review of road safety management practice. PR/INT/216/2002, DFID, GRSP, TRL, Ross Silcock and Babtie Group.
- ^ a b Motor Vehicle Safety. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Accessed February 3, 2009.
- ^ Frequently Asked Questions. Fleet Safety Solutions. Accessed February 3, 2009.
- ^ a b Peden, M., Scurfield, R., Sleet, D., Mohan, D., Hyder, A., Jarawan, E. & Mathers, C. (2004) World report on road traffic injury prevention. ISBN 92-4-156260-9, World Health Organisation, Geneva
- ^ Murray, W (2007). Worldwide Occupational Road Safety (WORS) Review Project. Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland.
- ^ "Safety in numbers". Brunswick Review. 2017. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ Background. Fleet Safety Solutions. Accessed February 3, 2009.
- ^ About the UN Road Safety Collaboration. World Health Organization. Accessed February 4, 2009.
- ^ Together for Safer Roads. "Advancing Best Practices for Companies and Their Fleets: Guidelines for Developing and Managing Transportation Programs" (PDF). togetherforsaferroads.org. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ^ What is GRSP?. Global Road Safety Partnership. Accessed February 4, 2009.
- ^ About the Fleet Forum. Fleet Forum. Accessed February 4, 2009.
- ^ Driving for Better Business. RoadSafe. Accessed February 4, 2009.
- ^ About Make Roads Safe. FIA Foundation and the Commission for Global Road Safety. Accessed February 4, 2009.
- ^ Workplace campaign combats distracted driving and promotes eco-friendly driving practices. News Release – 2009 Drive Safely Work Week Campaign. Network of Employers for Traffic Safety. August 11, 2009.
- ^ Mooren, L. (2007). Fleet safety: Benchmarking good practice from collective insights. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference of Road Safety on Four Continents, Bangkok, Thailand.
- ^ Mooren, L. (2008). Applications of the 12 elements of managing fleet safety (Unpublished paper based on consultancy project undertaken by ARRB).
- ^ Murray, W., Newnam, S., Watson, B., Davey, J. & Schonfeld, C. (2003). Evaluating and improving fleet safety in Australia. Canberra: ATSB.
- ^ Darby, P., Murray, W. & Raeside, R. (2009). Applying online fleet driver assessment to help identify, target and reduce occupational road safety risks. Safety Science, 47 (2009) 436–442.
- ^ Gregersen, N.P., Brehmer, B. & Moren, B. (1996). Road safety improvement in large companies: An experimental comparison of different measures. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 28, 297–306.
- ^ Stuckey, R. & La Montagne, A. (2005). Occupational light-vehicle use and OSH legislative frameworks: An Australian example. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 11, 167-179.
- ^ Stuckey, R., La Montagne, A. & Sim, M. (2007). Working in light vehicles: A review and conceptual model for occupational health and safety. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 3 (5), 1006-1014.