XPNPEP3

Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 3, also known as aminopeptidase P3, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the XPNPEP3 gene. XPNPEP3 localizes to mitochondria in renal cells and to kidney tubules in a cell type-specific pattern. Mutations in XPNPEP3 gene have been identified as a cause of a nephronophthisis-like disease.

Structure

Gene

The XPNPEP3 gene is located at chromosome 22q13.2, consisting of 12 exons. Two splice variants of XPNPEP3, APP3m and APP3c, exist in mitochondria and cytosol, respectively.

Protein

APP3m has an N-terminal mitochondrial-targeting sequence (MTS) domain importing APP3m into mitochondria, where the domain is removed proteolytically and APP3m functions as a 51-kDa mature protein. By contrast, APP3c, lacks the MTS and is expressed in the cytosol. Arginine in MTS is required for mitochondrial transport.

Function

XPNPEP3 belongs to a family of X-pro-aminopeptidases (EC 3.4.11.9) that utilize a metal cofactor and remove the N-terminal amino acid from peptides with a proline residue in the penultimate position. It has been found that upon tumor necrosis factor stimulation, XPNPEP3 is released from mitochondria. XPNPEP3 is a new member of the TNF-TNFR2 signaling complex and plays a role in the transduction mechanism of TNFR2 signal which activates both JNK1 and JNK2 pathways. It is also observed that cell death increases upon downregulation of XPNPEP3, suggesting XPNPEP3 exerts an anti-apoptotic function. Deletion of icp55, the S. cerevisiae ortholog of XPNPEP3, increases the proteolytic rate of its substrates through a protein degradation pathway characterized by the N-end rule.

Clinical significance

Mutations in the XPNPEP3 gene are associated with ciliopathy. Recessive mutations in XPNPEP3 gene has been identified as a cause of a nephronophthisis-like disease, characterized by renal interstitial infiltration with fibrosis, tubular atrophy with basement membrane disruption, and cyst development at the corticomedullary renal border. Phenotypic variability might be ascribed to different degrees of loss of function for the 2 different homozygous XPNPEP3 alleles. The ciliary phenotypes unmasked by loss of XPNPEP3 might arise from the loss of XPNPEP3-dependent processing of ciliary proteins.

Interactions

• NPHP6/CEP290
• TNF

Further reading

• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334.
• Collins JE, Wright CL, Edwards CA, et al. (2004). "A genome annotation-driven approach to cloning the human ORFeome". Genome Biol. 5 (10): R84. doi:10.1186/gb-2004-5-10-r84. PMC 545604. PMID 15461802.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2002). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
• Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, et al. (1999). "The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22". Nature. 402 (6761): 489–95. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..489D. doi:10.1038/990031. PMID 10591208.
• Bouwmeester T, Bauch A, Ruffner H, et al. (2004). "A physical and functional map of the human TNF-alpha/NF-kappa B signal transduction pathway". Nat. Cell Biol. 6 (2): 97–105. doi:10.1038/ncb1086. PMID 14743216. S2CID 11683986.
• Barbe L, Lundberg E, Oksvold P, et al. (2008). "Toward a confocal subcellular atlas of the human proteome". Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 7 (3): 499–508. doi:10.1074/mcp.M700325-MCP200. PMID 18029348.