In particle physics, the X and Y bosons (sometimes collectively called "X bosons"[1]: 437 ) are hypothetical elementary particles analogous to the W and Z bosons, but corresponding to a unified force predicted by the Georgi–Glashow model, a grand unified theory (GUT).
| Composition | Elementary particle |
|---|---|
| Statistics | Bosonic |
| Family | Gauge boson |
| Status | Hypothetical |
| Types | 12 |
| Mass | ≈ 1015 GeV/c2 |
| Decays into | X: two quarks, or one antiquark and one charged antilepton Y: two quarks, or one antiquark and one charged antilepton, or one antiquark and one antineutrino |
| Electric charge | X: ±4/3 e Y: ±1/3 e |
| Color charge | triplet or antitriplet |
| Spin | 1 |
| Spin states | 3 |
| Weak isospin projection | X: ±1/2 Y: ∓1/2 |
| Weak hypercharge | ±5/3 |
| B − L | ±2/3 |
| X | 0 |
Since the X and Y boson mediate the grand unified force, they would have unusual high mass, which requires more energy to create than the reach of any current particle collider experiment. Significantly, the X and Y bosons couple quarks (constituents of protons and others) to leptons (such as positrons), allowing violation of the conservation of baryon number thus permitting proton decay.
However, the Hyper-Kamiokande has put a lower bound on the proton's half-life as around 1034 years.[2] Since some grand unified theories such as the Georgi–Glashow model predict a half-life less than this, then the existence of X and Y bosons, as formulated by this particular model, remain hypothetical.
Details
editAn X boson would have the following two decay modes:[1]: 442
X
+ →
u
L +
u
R
X
+ →
e+
L +
d
R
where the two decay products in each process have opposite chirality,
u
is an up quark,
d
is a down antiquark, and
e+
is a positron.
A Y boson would have the following three decay modes:[1]: 442
Y
+ →
e+
L +
u
R
Y
+ →
d
L +
u
R
Y
+ →
d
L +
ν
eR
where
u
is an up antiquark and
ν
e is an electron antineutrino.
The first product of each decay has left-handed chirality and the second has right-handed chirality, which always produces one fermion with the same handedness that would be produced by the decay of a W boson, and one fermion with contrary handedness ("wrong handed").
Similar decay products exist for the other quark-lepton generations.
In these reactions, neither the lepton number (L) nor the baryon number (B) is separately conserved, but the combination B − L is. Different branching ratios between the X boson and its antiparticle (as is the case with the K-meson) would explain baryogenesis. For instance, if an
X
+ /
X
− pair is created out of energy, and they follow the two branches described above:
X
+ →
u
L +
u
R ,
X
− →
d
L +
e−
R ;
re-grouping the result (
u
+
u
+
d
) +
e−
=
p
+
e−
shows it to be a hydrogen atom.
Origin
editThe X± and Y± bosons are defined respectively as the six Q = ± 4/3 and the six Q = ± 1/3 components of the final two terms of the adjoint 24 representation of SU(5) as it transforms under the standard model's group:
- .
The positively-charged X and Y carry anti-color charges (equivalent to having two different normal color charges), while the negatively-charged X and Y carry normal color charges, and the signs of the Y bosons' weak isospins are always opposite the signs of their electric charges. In terms of their action on X bosons rotate between a color index and the weak isospin-up index, while Y bosons rotate between a color index and the weak isospin-down index.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Ta-Pei Cheng; Ling-Fong Li (1983). Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-851961-3.
- ^ "Proton Decay Searches: Hyper-Kamiokande". www.hyper-k.org. Retrieved 22 September 2020.