The Yalë language, also known as Yadë, Nagatman, or Nagatiman, is spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea. It may be related to the Kwomtari languages, but Palmer (2018) classifies it as a language isolate.[2]
| Yalë | |
|---|---|
| Nagatman | |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Sandaun Province |
Native speakers | (600 cited 1991)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nce |
| Glottolog | yale1246 |
| ELP | Yalë |
| Coordinates: 3°44′42″S 141°28′18″E / 3.744917°S 141.471593°E | |
There were 600 speakers in 1991 and 30 monolinguals at an unrecorded date.[1] Yalë is spoken in Nagatiman (3°44′42″S 141°28′18″E / 3.744917°S 141.471593°E) and several other villages of Green River Rural LLG in Sandaun Province.[3][4] Foley (2018) reports a total of six villages.[5]
Yalë is in extensive trade and contact with Busa, a likely language isolate spoken just to the south. Yalë has complex verbal inflection and SOV word order.[5]
Phonology
editAannested, Aidan (2020)[6] gives the following phonology for Yadë (Yalë):
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ||||
| Plosive | Voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | ||
| Voiced | b ~ β ⟨b⟩ | d ~ ɺ ⟨d/l⟩ | ɡ ~ ɣ ⟨g⟩ | |||
| Fricative | ɸ ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | |||
| Affricate | d͡ʑ ~ ʑ ⟨j⟩ | |||||
| Approximant | w ⟨w⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | ||||
- "dd" is pronounced as a trilled /r(ː)/
- See the source for more information regarding allophones- the ones listed are just the common occurrences.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ⟨i⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ | |
| Close-Mid | e ⟨e⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ | |
| Open-Mid | ɛ ⟨ë/ɛ⟩ | ||
| Open | a ⟨a⟩ |
- Each vowel has a wide range of possible realizations, most notably /u/, which has:
- /y/, /ʉ/, /ʊ/, and /u̟/
Pronouns
editPronouns are:[5]
sg pl 1 bo se ~ sebo 2 ju so ~ sobo 3 bu
Grammar
editVerbal conjugation affixes are:[5]
- -d: generic marker
- -t: transitive marker
- -b: intransitive marker
Most nouns are not pluralized, and only nouns with human or animate reference or with high local salience may be pluralized using the suffix -rɛ ~ -re:[5]
- nɛba-re /child-PL/ ‘children’
- ama-re /dog-PL/ ‘dogs’
- dife-rɛ /village-PL/ ‘villages’
Other plural nouns are irregular:[5]
- aya-nino /father-PL/ ‘fathers’
- mise ‘woman’, one ‘women’
Vocabulary
editThe following basic vocabulary words are from Conrad and Dye (1975),[7] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[8]
gloss Yalë head ʌsu hair ʌsʌǏahuᵽa ear ąhuǏuʔ eye na:ba nose yɛlu tongue aǏižiʔ louse mibaʔ dog kaliʔ pig gǏɛǏiʔ bird pʋlɛʔ egg kah blood wi:nuʔ bone ɛlɛ:b̶u skin žib̶uʔ breast ma:ba tree ti: woman mɩsɛʔ water tuʔ fire ahuʐiʔ stone anɩziʔ road, path ařʌgɛʔ eat hiɛǏɛ one žuwaʔ two teǏɛʔ
Further reading
edit- Campbell, Carl and Jody Campbell. 1987. Yadë Grammar Essentials. Unpublished manuscript. Ukarumpa, PNG: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Campbell, Carl and Jody Campbell. 1990. Yadë (Nagatman) – English Dictionary. Unpublished manuscript. Ukarumpa, PNG: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Campbell, Carl and Jody Campbell. 1997. Yalë (Nagatman, Yadë) Phonology Essentials. Unpublished manuscript. Ukarumpa, PNG: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
References
edit- ^ a b Yalë at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Palmer, Bill (2018). "Language families of the New Guinea Area". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–20. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Papua New Guinea languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
- ^ United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.
- ^ a b c d e f Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ Aannested, Aidan. (2020). "Towards a grammar of the Yale language: taking another look at archived field data". SIL International. https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/74/13/68/74136897596164130243049362044105596501/Yade_Grammar.pdf
- ^ Conrad, R. and Dye, W. "Some Language Relationships in the Upper Sepik Region of Papua New Guinea". In Conrad, R., Dye, W., Thomson, N. and Bruce Jr., L. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 18. A-40:1-36. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-A40.1
- ^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.