Bidjara, also spelt Bidyara or Pitjara, is an Australian Aboriginal language. In 1980, it was spoken by 20 elders in Queensland between the towns of Tambo and Augathella, or the Warrego and Langlo Rivers. There are many dialects of the language, including Gayiri and Gunggari. Some of them are being revitalised and are being taught in local schools in the region.[3] The various dialects are not all confirmed or agreed by linguists.
| Bidyara | |
|---|---|
| Southern Maric | |
| Native to | Queensland, Australia |
| Region | Between Tambo and Augathella; Warrego and Langlo Rivers |
| Ethnicity | Bidjara, Kongabula, Maranganji, Gunya, Wadja, Gayiri, Wadjalang, Wadjabangai, Iningai, Mandandanji, Gunggari, Koamu (Kooma), Ganulu, Nguri, Yagalingu |
| Extinct | by 1987[1] Some people might know a few words (2008)[2] |
| Revival | revival movements for Bidjara and Gunggari[3] |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:bym – Bidyaragyy – Gunyagyf – Gungabulazmc – Marganywdu – Wadjiguzmk – Mandandanyigwu – Guwamukgl – Kunggariwdy – Wadjabangayixyb – Yandjibaraygi – Yiningayi |
| Glottolog | sout2765 |
| AIATSIS[2] | E37 Bidjara, D38 Kogai, D42 Margany, E39 Wadjigu, E44 Gayiri, D45 Wadjalang / Dharawala;[5] Iningay;[6] Yandjibara;[7] Ganulu;[8] Nguri;[9] Yagalingu /Wadjaninga[10] |
Dialects
edit
The Bidjara language included numerous dialects, of which Bidjara proper was the last to go extinct. One of these was Gunya (Kunja), spoken over 31,200 km2 (12,188 sq mi), from the Warrego River near Cunnamulla north to Augathella and Burenda Station; west to between Cooladdi and Cheepie; east to Morven and Angellala Creek; at Charle-ville. Fred McKellar was the last known speaker. Yagalingu is poorly attested but may have been a dialect of Bidjara.[11]
Natalie Kwok prepared a report on Gunggari for the National Native Title Tribunal in Australia.[citation needed] In it she says:
- Language served as an important identity marker between the Gunggari and Bidjara peoples. Although academically speaking, differences between the two languages have been found to be minor, from an emic point of view such distinctions were meaningful and consequential. Lynette Nixon recounts that when her father used to converse with the Gadd brothers it was understood that, although communication was possible, they each spoke in their own tongue. Ann-Eckermann recounts,
- I was present many times when Bert Mailman (Bidjera) and Aunty Mini Dodd and Aunty Annie Currie would sit outside their houses calling out to one another in language – it was explained to me that Bert spoke Bidjera from Augathella and that the two old ladies were speaking Gunggari – and that, although some of the words were mutually intelligible, Bert really couldn't understand what the ladies were saying – and it was driving him crazy because the women were making fun of him. (pers. comm.)
The Wadjigu (also known as Wadja, Wadya, Wadjainngo, Mandalgu, and Wadjigun) language[12] region includes the local government areas of the Aboriginal Shire of Woorabinda and Central Highlands Region, including the Blackdown Tablelands. the Comet River, and the Expedition Range, and the towns of Woorabinda, Springsure and Rolleston.[13]
Language revival
editBidjara
editAustralian Bidjara artist Christian Bumbarra Thompson employs his Bidjara language in his video work in an attempt to redistribute his language into the public realm. His work Gamu Mambu, which means "Blood Song", is a video work of a Dutch Baroque opera singer singing in Bidjara. It was included in the 17th Sydney Biennale, The Beauty of Distance: Songs of Survival in a Precarious Age.[14]
During NAIDOC Week in 2019, Bidjara man Owen Stanley shared his insights on the loss of language, and his sadness at not being fluent in his own language, with an audience at Uniting NSW. He said that his grandmother was one of the last 20 elders who died with the language, and attempts were being made to revive the language.[15]
Gunggari
editAs of 2021[update], there were only three native speakers of the Gunggari language left, including Elder of the Year Aunty Lynette Nixon, and a major language revival effort has been under way in Queensland schools since St Patrick's School in Mitchell started teaching it around 2013. Since then, Mitchell State School has also started teaching Gunggari. Aunty Lynette, along with the Gunggari Native Title Corporation (NTC), have been compiling the first Gunggari dictionary.[3] Gunggari NTC have also developed language workshops, for adults to learn their people's language, holding the first off-country in Toowoomba. As of November 2021[update], they were planning to extend the workshops to Brisbane, Woorabinda and Mitchell.[16]
Phonology
editVowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | u uː | |
| Low | a aː |
Consonants
edit| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Velar | Dental | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
| Plosive | b | ɡ | d̪ | ɟ | d | ɖ |
| Nasal | m | ŋ | n̪ | ɲ | n | |
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Rhotic | ɾ | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ɻ | |||
| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Velar | Dental | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | k | t̪ | c | t | ʈ |
| voiced | b | ɡ | d̪ | ɟ | d | ɖ | |
| Nasal | m | ŋ | n̪ | ɲ | n | ɳ | |
| Lateral | ʎ | l | ɭ | ||||
| Rhotic | r | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ɻ | ||||
Vocabulary
editBelow is a basic vocabulary list from Blake (1981).[19]
English Bidyara man mardi woman gambi mother yanga father yabu head ḏun-gu eye ḏili nose guwu ear manga mouth ḏaa tongue ḏalany tooth yira hand marda breast ngamun stomach banbu urine ḏuḏard faeces guna thigh ḏara foot ḏina bone yarrun blood guma dog ngurra snake munda kangaroo bawurra possum ḏangurd fish guyu spider ḏun-ga mosquito buḏany emu gulbari eaglehawk guḏala crow waragan sun ḏurdu moon gagarda stone banggu water gamu camp yamba fire burdi smoke ḏuga food maṉḏa meat yurdi stand ḏana sit binda see naga go wadya get mara hit, kill guni I ngaya you yinda one wanggara two bulardu
References
edit- ^ Bidyara at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Gunya at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Gungabula at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Margany at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Wadjigu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Mandandanyi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box) - ^ a b E37 Bidjara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (see the info box for additional links)
- ^ a b c Hosier, Phoebe (26 May 2021). "An outback Queensland school leads the way to keep endangered Indigenous language alive". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ Breen (1973, 1981), cited in RMW Dixon (2002), Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development, p xxxiii. Some additional names were apparently not distinct dialects.
- ^ L39 Wadjabangai at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ L41 Iningay at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ L44 Yandjibara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ E64 Ganulu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ D46 Nguri at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ E43 Yagalingu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ E43 Yagalingu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ E39 Wadjiga at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^
This Wikipedia article incorporates CC BY 4.0 licensed text from: "Wadja". Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ Priest, Gail. "Issue 97 - video art: performance, politics, vision: video art in the 17th biennale of sydney". RealTime Arts. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ "Voice, treaty, truth: Celebrating our connection to culture this NAIDOC Week". Uniting. 8 July 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ Moodie, Anthea (27 November 2021). "Indigenous language workshops connecting Gunggari people to culture". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ Breen, J. G. (1973). Bidyara and Gungabula Grammar and Vocabulary. Melbourne: Monash University.
- ^ Dixon, Blake, Robert M. W., Barry J. (1981). Handbook of Australian Languages, Volume 2. p. 283.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Blake, Barry J. (1981). Australian Aboriginal languages: a general introduction. London: Angus & Robertson Publishers. ISBN 0-207-14044-8.
External links
edit- Bibliography of Bidjara language and people resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- Bibliography of Gayiri people and language resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- Bidyara Swadesh List at the Internet Archive
- Kuungkari, Bidjara, Inangai & Wangkangurru (Central West Region) community language journey digital story, at State Library of Queensland